<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE GmsArticle SYSTEM "http://www.egms.de/dtd/2.0.34/GmsArticle.dtd">
<GmsArticle xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <MetaData>
    <Identifier>zma001836</Identifier>
    <IdentifierDoi>10.3205/zma001836</IdentifierDoi>
    <IdentifierUrn>urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0018362</IdentifierUrn>
    <ArticleType language="en">editorial</ArticleType>
    <ArticleType language="de">Leitartikel</ArticleType>
    <TitleGroup>
      <Title language="en">Professional Identity Formation &#8211; important, complex, and dynamic</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Professional Identity Formation &#8211; wichtig, komplex und dynamisch</TitleTranslated>
    </TitleGroup>
    <CreatorList>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Berberat</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Berberat</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Pascal O.</Firstname>
          <Initials>PO</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department of Clinical Medicine TUM Medical Education Center, Munich, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Technische Universit&#228;t M&#252;nchen, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department of Clinical Medicine TUM Medical Education Center, M&#252;nchen, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Michl</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Michl</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Susanne</Firstname>
          <Initials>S</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Charit&#233; &#8211; University Hospital, Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Berlin, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Charit&#233; &#8211; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Institut f&#252;r Geschichte der Medizin und Ethik in der Medizin, Berlin, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Schildmann</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Schildmann</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Jan</Firstname>
          <Initials>J</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Medical Faculty, Institute for History and Ethics of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Martin-Luther-Universit&#228;t Halle-Wittenberg, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t, Institut f&#252;r Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Halle (Saale), Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Fabry</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Fabry</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>G&#246;tz</Firstname>
          <Initials>G</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Dr. med.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Hebelstr. 29, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany<Affiliation>University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Freiburg, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Universit&#228;t Freiburg, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t, Institut f&#252;r Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Hebelstr. 29, 79104 Freiburg, Deutschland<Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Freiburg, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t, Institut f&#252;r Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Freiburg, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>fabry&#64;uni-freiburg.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="yes" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
    </CreatorList>
    <PublisherList>
      <Publisher>
        <Corporation>
          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
      </Publisher>
    </PublisherList>
    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <SectionHeading language="en">professional identity formation</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Professionelle Identit&#228;tsentwicklung</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20260126</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20260126</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20260119</DateAccepted>
    <DatePublishedList>
      <DatePublished>20260323</DatePublished>
    </DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
    <License license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
    </License>
    <SourceGroup>
      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>43</Volume>
        <Issue>3</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
        <IssueTitle>Professional Identity Formation in medicine/Professionelle Identit&#228;tsentwicklung in der Medizin</IssueTitle>
      </Journal>
    </SourceGroup>
    <ArticleNo>42</ArticleNo>
  </MetaData>
  <OrigData>
    <TextBlock name="Editorial" linked="no" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Editorial</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The concept of Professional Identity Formation (PIF) has increasingly become the subject of debate in German-speaking countries, particularly regarding the advancement of medical education <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>. At the same time, even a rather shallow review of the literature gives the clear impression that the discussions differ considerably in terms of their technical perspective and the associated scientific standards. This becomes particularly evident in the question of what is meant by professional identity. Various studies from the Anglo-American context have attempted to reconstruct the development and transformation of this concept, and the aspects identified in these analyses can also be found in contributions to the German-language discourse <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Initially, there have been several attempts to describe professional identity as an individual characteristic &#8211; as a &#8220;favorable&#8221; combination of character traits, attitudes, competencies, or virtues that enable a person to behave &#8220;professionally&#8221; in challenging situations <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. For medical education, such findings suggest, that, where possible, only those individuals who already possess the appropriate character should be admitted to medical school, and that they should then receive further training in this regard <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. Many innovation and project reports in medical education research therefore describe interventions that are explicitly aimed at fostering these individual traits and dispositions <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. The debate about whether non-cognitive criteria &#8211; such as empathy &#8211; should be considered in addition to cognitive criteria (e.g., GPA and medical admission tests) for admission to medical school can also be traced back to this understanding of professional identity <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>A critical caveat to this view is its failure to take sufficient account of the influence of social and systemic factors, leaving the responsibility for professional conduct solely with individuals <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. It is evident, however, that certain values &#8211; such as social justice in healthcare or the handling of economically driven conflicts of interest &#8211; are hardly within the exclusive control of individuals, but are at least partially shaped or even largely determined by the respective context <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Such an understanding also has consequences for medical education practice, which would need to place greater emphasis on contextual factors such as the hidden curriculum and encourage reflection on systemic aspects that students encounter during clerkships or clinical placements.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Furthermore, the object of discussion is defined heterogeneously and sometimes rather vaguely. Two references frequently found in the PIF literature illustrate this problem. On the one hand, there is frequent (though not always accurate) reference to Merton&#8217;s phrase &#8220;think, act, and feel like a physician&#8221; <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. This definition, however, raises more questions than it answers. Most notably, it remains unclear what it actually means to &#8220;act like a physician.&#8221; As in many other definitional attempts, this refers to a medical ideal &#8211; or at least an abstract type &#8211; without clearly specifying the concrete attributes, norms, and values associated with it.</Pgraph><Pgraph>On the other hand, with reference to the 2010 Carnegie Foundation Report &#8220;Educating Physicians&#8221;, which is seen as the successor to the Flexner Report, PIF is defined as &#8220;the development of professional values, actions, and aspirations&#8221; as &#8220;a major focus of medical education&#8221; <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. Even with this outcome-oriented definition, it would still be necessary to specify more precisely which professional values, actions, and aspirations are meant.</Pgraph><Pgraph>It is unlikely that this will be achieved, and in view of pluralistic, multicultural, open societies, it is hardly desirable to arrive at a definitive answer, such as a defined canon of professional standards, values, and character traits. However, this does not mean that the content of PIF is arbitrary or that it is sufficient to focus solely on acquiring competencies such as reflection (even though this is undoubtedly central to medical practice). Rather, there is a need for an intensified discussion about what constitutes good medical practice and good medical education, especially in light of the dynamic development of both healthcare and education systems <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Few would dispute that the concepts outlined above represent important &#8211; if not central &#8211; aspects of medical education. At the same time, it should be clear at second glance, at the latest, that PIF in such a vague concept is likely to be a gateway for very different ideas of what constitutes &#8220;good&#8221; medical training to be introduced.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Nevertheless, a concept such as PIF, even when initially heterogeneous and somewhat vague, can still make a meaningful contribution to the advancement of medical education. The discussion of values in medical education, for example, is particularly important in pluralistic societies, as is the reminder that medical education involves more than assessable knowledge and skills. In this sense, PIF places the physician as a human being at the center. Based on established frameworks, this includes the acquisition of various professional roles (communicator, team member, health advocate, manager and leader, professional, scholar, and medical expert), which together constitute medical practice through a wide range of specialized competencies <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>. Notably, this concept of competence explicitly includes a professional attitude alongside knowledge and skills <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, although this dimension is often neglected in educational practice. It can be assumed that this (mature) attitude, in combination with professional knowledge and skills, has a decisive influence on medical practice and likely also on personal and professional development, sense of meaning, and mental health in the medical profession.</Pgraph><Pgraph>At the same time, however, it is also clear that more is needed in terms of conceptually refined discussions and empirical studies. In both cases, clarification and specification are necessary <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>. In addition to discussing content, further clarification is needed regarding how the process or development of PIF itself can be better understood. This includes a closer examination of the terminology used in this context, including the question of how the English term &#8220;identity formation&#8221; should best be translated.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The contributions in this issue can be grouped into four thematic areas corresponding to the dimensions outlined above. The first four articles address theoretical foundations and aspects of conceptual definition. Schumm et al. <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink> provide a literature review analyzing international definitions of PIF and identifying central elements such as values, norms, and the goal of &#8220;thinking, acting, and feeling like a physician.&#8221; Schick et al. <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink> present a consensus-based conceptualization for the German-speaking context, describing PIF as an ongoing (conscious and unconscious) interaction process between person and environment. Ahles et al. <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink> examine the integration of PIF into the National Competency-Based Learning Objectives Catalogue for Medicine (NKLM 2.0) and identify essential learning objectives, particularly related to role understanding and self-reflection. Wild <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink> expands the normative foundation of PIF by developing an &#8220;ethos of connectedness&#8221; and explicitly extending medical responsibility to include ecological and societal dimensions.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The following three contributions present curricular implementations and longitudinal approaches. Gehlhar etal. <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink> show that acceptance of a longitudinal &#8220;Professional Development&#8221; pathway in Oldenburg increased following curricular reforms and that its success depends particularly on the quality of tutorial support. Drossard et al. <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> demonstrate, using the &#8220;Maturitas&#8221; curriculum at the University of Augsburg, that mentoring and specific learning interventions systematically promote the transition into the medical role; while reflective abilities increase, fluctuating participation rates remain a challenge. Schumm et al. <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink> integrate the CanMEDS roles into a clinical lecture series and use interactive methods such as panel discussions and photography to stimulate early identity development.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Four additional articles focus on specific teaching formats and topic areas. Schick et al. <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink> prepare students in their final year with the seminar &#8220;Suddenly in the Clinic,&#8221; using case-based learning and storytelling to address complex clinical dilemmas. Vogel et al. <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink> sharpen understanding of other health professions through simulations of ethical case consultations in interprofessional groups. Wald et al. <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink> use the confrontation with medical practice in Nazi Germany as a catalyst for moral development and value-based identity, which in the long term strengthens the understanding of one&#8217;s roles as a responsible member of society. Warnken et al. <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink> establish a student peer-support system that integrates self-care and collegial support into professional identity and addresses stressors such as exam anxiety and performance pressure during medical school to strengthen the resilience of future physicians.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Finally, two studies address the assessment of individual factors in the context of PIF. Fey et al. <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink> present the &#8220;MediProf&#8221; questionnaire, a reliable German-language self-assessment instrument measuring professionalism across four dimensions: toward oneself, patients, colleagues, and society. Albrecht et al. <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink> identify types of students &#8211; from the &#8220;called&#8221; to the &#8220;doubters&#8221; &#8211; and show how experiences of meaning and crises of meaning are closely linked to study motivation.</Pgraph><Pgraph>This special issue, initiated by the GMA Committee on Professional Identity Formation, does not resolve the challenges outlined at the outset. However, it clearly resonates with ongoing discussions and activities at medical schools in German-speaking countries. As a result, this special issue includes conceptual, empirical, and practice-oriented work that, at least in our opinion, provides a good overview of the current state of research and teaching on this topic. As editors, we were somewhat overwhelmed &#8211; in multiple respects &#8211; by the number and diversity of submissions. We thank all authors for their manuscripts and the many reviewers for their careful evaluations, which were not always easy given differing disciplinary perspectives. Finally, we hope that readers will find these contributions valuable and that they may, in the future &#8211; and ideally also within our committee &#8211; contribute to the further development of PIF in undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing education in the health professions.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Leitartikel" linked="no" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Leitartikel</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Das Konzept der Professionellen Identit&#228;tsentwicklung (engl. Professional Identity Formation (PIF)) bildet auch im deutschsprachigen Raum Gegenstand einer zunehmenden Anzahl von Diskussionen im Zusammenhang mit der Weiterentwicklung des Medizinstudiums <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Gleichzeitig vermittelt bereits eine eher oberfl&#228;chliche Recherche den klaren Eindruck, dass sich die Diskussionen hinsichtlich des fachlichen Blickwinkels und der damit verbundenen wissenschaftlichen Standards erheblich unterscheiden. Das zeigt sich insbesondere an der Frage, was unter professioneller Identit&#228;t verstanden wird. Verschiedene Arbeiten aus dem angloamerikanischen Raum haben versucht, die Entwicklung und Wandlung dieses Verst&#228;ndnisses zu rekonstruieren, und die dabei herausgearbeiteten Aspekte lassen sich auch in den Beitr&#228;gen der deutschsprachigen Diskussion wiederfinden <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Zun&#228;chst gibt es verschiedene Versuche, die professionelle Identit&#228;t als individuelle Charakteristika zu beschreiben, als eine &#8222;g&#252;nstige&#8220; Kombination aus Charaktereigenschaften, Einstellungen, Kompetenzen oder auch Tugenden, die eine Person in die Lage versetzen sollen, sich in herausfordernden Situationen &#8222;professionell&#8220; zu verhalten <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. F&#252;r die medizinische Ausbildung folgt aus solchen Arbeiten zum einen, nach M&#246;glichkeit nur solche Personen zum Studium zuzulassen, die &#252;ber einen entsprechenden Charakter bereits verf&#252;gen, und diesen dann weiter auszubilden <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. Viele Innovations- und Projektberichte aus der medizinischen Ausbildungsforschung beschreiben entsprechend Interventionen, die genau auf die Bildung solcher individuellen Eigenschaften und Dispositionen abzielen <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Aber auch die Diskussion dar&#252;ber, ob neben kognitiven Kriterien &#8211; Abiturnote und &#8222;Mediziniertest&#8220; &#8211; nicht-kognitive Kriterien wie Empathie f&#252;r die Zulassung zum Medizinstudium relevant sein sollten, l&#228;sst sich auf dieses Verst&#228;ndnis von professioneller Identit&#228;t zur&#252;ckf&#252;hren <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Kritisch kann einer solchen Sichtweise entgegengehalten werden, dass sie den Einfluss sozialer und systemischer Faktoren zu wenig ber&#252;cksichtigt und die Verantwortung f&#252;r professionelles Verhalten ausschlie&#223;lich den Individuen aufb&#252;rdet <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Dabei ist offensichtlich, dass bestimmte Werte, z.B. soziale Gerechtigkeit in der Gesundheitsversorgung oder auch der Umgang mit &#246;konomisch bedingten Interessenskonflikten, kaum allein in der Hand des oder der Einzelnen liegen, sondern auch durch den jeweiligen Kontext mindestens mitbedingt oder sogar weitgehend determiniert sind <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Ein solches Verst&#228;ndnis hat auch f&#252;r die Praxis der medizinischen Ausbildung Konsequenzen, die kontextuelle Faktoren, wie etwa das &#8222;Hidden Curriculum&#8220; st&#228;rker in den Blick nehmen m&#252;sste und auch die Reflexion systemischer Aspekte, denen die Studierenden etwa w&#228;hrend ihrer Famulaturen oder Praxisphasen begegnen, betonen m&#252;sste.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Weiterhin wird der Gegenstand der Diskussion heterogen und teilweise auch eher vage gefasst.  Zwei h&#228;ufig in den Arbeiten zu PIF vorkommende Verweise illustrieren das Problem. Einerseits erfolgt h&#228;ufig (wenn auch nicht immer korrekt zitiert) der R&#252;ckgriff auf Mertons &#8220;think, act, and feel like a physician&#8221; <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Mit dieser Definition werden allerdings mehr Fragen aufgeworfen, als beantwortet. Denn zum einen bleibt offen, was es genau bedeutet, &#8222;wie ein Arzt oder eine &#196;rztin zu handeln&#8220;&#63; Hier wird &#8211; wie in vielen anderen Definitionsversuchen auch &#8211; auf ein &#228;rztliches Ideal, zumindest aber auf einen abstrakten Typus verwiesen, ohne jedoch genauer inhaltlich zu definieren, welche konkreten Eigenschaften, Normen und Werte damit verbunden sind.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Andererseits wird PIF mit Verweis auf den Carnegie Foundation Report von 2010 &#8222;Educating Physicians&#8220;, der als Nachfolgerwerk des Flexner Reports gesehen wird, als &#8222;development of professional values, actions, and aspirations&#8220; als &#8222;major focus of medical education&#8220; gefasst <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. Auch bei dieser, st&#228;rker an den Ergebnissen des &#228;rztlichen Handelns orientierten Definition m&#252;sste noch genauer definiert werden, welche professionellen Werte, Handlungen und Bestrebungen denn gemeint sind.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Vermutlich wird es kaum gelingen und ist angesichts von wertepluralen, multikulturellen, offenen Gesellschaften auch nicht w&#252;nschenswert, zu einem abschlie&#223;enden Ergebnis, etwa einem definierten Kanon von professionellen Normen, Werten und Charaktereigenschaften zu kommen. Das kann allerdings nicht bedeuten, dass die Inhalte der PIF beliebig sind und es nur auf den Erwerb von Kompetenzen wie Reflexionsf&#228;higkeit ankommt (auch wenn diese zweifellos von zentraler Bedeutung f&#252;r das &#228;rztliche Handeln ist). Vielmehr muss die Diskussion dar&#252;ber, was gutes &#228;rztliches Handeln ist und was eine gute &#228;rztliche Ausbildung angesichts der dynamischen Entwicklung sowohl der Gesundheits- als auch der Bildungssysteme verst&#228;rkt gef&#252;hrt werden <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Wer wollte widersprechen, dass es sich bei den vorstehend genannten Konzepten nicht um wichtige, wenn nicht zentrale Aspekte in der medizinischen Ausbildung handelt. Gleichzeitig d&#252;rfte sp&#228;testens auf den zweiten Blick klar sein, dass PIF in einer solchen vagen Konzeption ein Einfallstor daf&#252;r sein d&#252;rfte, dass recht unterschiedliche Vorstellungen von einer &#8222;guten&#8220; medizinischen Ausbildung eingebracht werden.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Es ist aber auch keineswegs so, dass ein zun&#228;chst heterogenes und teilweise vages gefasstes Konzept wie PIF keinen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der medizinischen Ausbildung leisten kann. Die Diskussion &#252;ber die Rolle von Werten in der medizinischen Ausbildung etwa ist gerade im Kontext einer wertepluralen Gesellschaft genauso wichtig wie die Besinnung darauf, dass das Medizinstudium mehr ist als nur pr&#252;fbares Wissen und Fertigkeiten. PIF stellt in diesem Sinne wohl die &#196;rztin bzw. den Arzt als Mensch in den Mittelpunkt. Basierend auf bekannten Rahmenwerken umfasst dies die Aneignung verschiedener &#228;rztlicher Rollen (Kommunikator, Mitglied eines Teams, Gesundheitsberater, Verantwortungstr&#228;ger und Manager, professionell Handelnder, Gelehrter und medizinischer Experte), die wiederum durch eine Vielzahl spezialisierter Kompetenzen das &#228;rztliche Handeln konstituieren <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>. Gerade auch in diesem Kompetenzbegriff wird neben Kenntnissen und Fertigkeiten eine bestimmte &#228;rztliche Haltung explizit eingeschlossen <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, in der eigentlichen Ausbildungspraxis jedoch h&#228;ufig ignoriert. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass diese (gereifte) Haltung in Verbindung mit dem fachlichen Wissen und K&#246;nnen eine entscheidende Wirkung auf das &#228;rztliche Handeln und wohl auch auf pers&#246;nliche und professionelle Entwicklung, das Sinnerleben und die mentale Gesundheit im &#228;rztlichen Beruf hat. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Gleichzeitig ist aber auch klar, dass mit Blick auf konzeptionell gesch&#228;rfte Diskussionen und empirische Untersuchungen mehr notwendig ist. In beiden F&#228;llen sind Kl&#228;rung und Konkretisierung erforderlich <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Neben der Diskussion &#252;ber die Inhalte muss auch weiter gekl&#228;rt werden, wie sich der Prozess oder die Entwicklung der PIF selbst noch besser verstehen l&#228;sst. Dazu ist es unter anderem notwendig, die in diesem Zusammenhang verwendeten Begrifflichkeiten genauer zu untersuchen. Dazu geh&#246;rt auch die Frage, wie sich der englischsprachige Begriff &#8222;Identity Formation&#8220; am besten &#252;bersetzen l&#228;sst. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Beitr&#228;ge in dieser Ausgabe lassen sich entsprechend den oben eingef&#252;hrten Dimensionen in vier Themenschwerpunkte unterteilen: Zuerst geht es in vier Beitr&#228;gen um die theoretischen Grundlagen und Aspekte der Begriffsbestimmung. Schumm et al. <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink> liefern daf&#252;r einen Literatur&#252;berblick, der internationale Definitionen von PIF analysiert und zentrale Elemente wie Werte, Normen sowie das Ziel &#8222;wie ein Arzt zu denken, zu handeln und zu f&#252;hlen&#8220; herausarbeitet. Schick et al. <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink> haben ein gemeinsames Begriffsverst&#228;ndnis f&#252;r den deutschsprachigen Raum konsentiert, das PIF als fortdauernden (un-)bewussten Interaktionsprozess zwischen Person und Umwelt beschreibt. Ahles et al. <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink> untersuchten die Verankerung von PIF im Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalog Medizin (NKLM 2.0) und identifizierten essenzielle Lernziele, insbesondere zu Rollenverst&#228;ndnis und Selbstreflexion. Wild <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink> erweitert das normative Fundament von PIF, indem sie ein &#8222;Ethos in Verbindung&#8220; entwickelt und die &#228;rztliche Verantwortung explizit um &#246;kologische und gesellschaftliche Dimensionen ausweitet. In den folgenden drei Beitr&#228;gen werden curriculare Implementierungen und longitudinale Ans&#228;tze dargestellt: Gehlhar et al. <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink> zeigen, dass die Akzeptanz eines longitudinalen Pfades &#8222;Professionelle Entwicklung&#8220; in Oldenburg durch Reformen gesteigert wurde und dass der Erfolg insbesondere von der Qualit&#228;t der tutoriellen Betreuung abh&#228;ngt. Drossard et al. <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> demonstrieren mit dem Curriculum &#8222;Maturitas&#8220; an der Universit&#228;t Augsburg, dass Mentoring und Lehrveranstaltungen den &#220;bergang zur &#228;rztlichen Rolle systematisch f&#246;rdern; neben gesteigerten Reflexionsf&#228;higkeiten bilden schwankende Teilnahmequoten eine Herausforderung. Schummetal. integrieren die CanMEDS-Rollen in eine klinische Vorlesungsreihe und nutzen interaktive Methoden wie Podiumsdiskussionen und Fotografie, um die Identit&#228;tsentwicklung fr&#252;hzeitig anzuregen <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>. Vier weitere Beitr&#228;ge befassen sich mit spezifischen Lehrformaten und Themenfeldern: Schicketal. bereiten Studierende im Praktischen Jahr mit dem Seminar &#8222;Pl&#246;tzlich in der Klinik&#8220; durch Fallarbeit und &#8222;Storification&#8220; auf komplexe klinische Dilemmata vor <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. Vogel et al. <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink> sch&#228;rfen das Verst&#228;ndnis f&#252;r andere Gesundheitsberufe durch Simulation ethischer Fallberatungen in interprofessionellen Gruppen. Wald et al. <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink> nutzen die Auseinandersetzung mit der Medizin im Nationalsozialismus als Katalysator f&#252;r moralische Entwicklung und wertebasierte Identit&#228;t, was langfristig das Rollenverst&#228;ndnis als verantwortungsbewusste Gesellschaftsmitglieder st&#228;rkt. Warnken et al. <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink> etablieren ein studentisches Peer-Support-System, das Selbstf&#252;rsorge und kollegiale Unterst&#252;tzung in die professionelle Identit&#228;t integriert und Belastungen wie Pr&#252;fungsangst sowie Erfolgsdruck bereits w&#228;hrend des Studiums adressiert, um die Resilienz angehender &#196;rzt&#42;innen zu st&#228;rken. Schlie&#223;lich widmen sich zwei Arbeiten der Erfassung individueller Faktoren im Kontext von PIF: Fey et al. <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink> stellen den &#8222;MediProf&#8220;-Fragebogen vor, ein reliables deutschsprachiges Selbsteinsch&#228;tzungsinstrument, das Professionalit&#228;t in vier Dimensionen gegen&#252;ber sich selbst, Patient&#42;innen, Kollegen&#42;innen und der Gesellschaft misst. Albrecht et al. <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink> identifizieren Studierendentypen &#8211; von &#8222;Berufenen&#8220; bis zu &#8222;Zweifelnden&#8220; &#8211; und zeigen, wie Sinnerleben und Sinnkrisen eng mit der Studienmotivation verkn&#252;pft sind.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Dieses vom GMA-Ausschuss Professional Identity Formation initiierte Themenheft l&#246;st nun keineswegs die eingangs genannten Probleme. Es trifft offensichtlich einen Nerv vieler Diskussionen und Aktivit&#228;ten an deutschsprachigen medizinischen Fakult&#228;ten. Im Ergebnis umfasst dieses Themenheft sowohl konzeptionelle als auch empirische und praxisorientierte Arbeiten, die einen &#8211; wenigstens nach unserer Einsch&#228;tzung &#8211; guten &#220;berblick &#252;ber den aktuellen Stand der Bearbeitung des Themas in Forschung und Lehre bieten. Als Herausgeber waren wir &#8211; in mehrfacher Hinsicht &#8211; etwas &#252;berw&#228;ltigt von der Zahl und Vielfalt der Beitr&#228;ge. Wir danken allen f&#252;r die eingereichten Manuskripte und weiterhin den vielen Gutachterinnen und Gutachtern f&#252;r die, auch aufgrund unterschiedlicher disziplin&#228;rer Perspektiven, nicht immer einfache Beurteilung der Manuskripte. Schlie&#223;lich hoffen, wir dass die Leserinnen und Leser die verschiedenen Arbeiten mit Gewinn lesen und vielleicht in der Zukunft &#8211; und gerne auch in unserem Ausschuss &#8211; einen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung von PIF in der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung der Gesundheitsberufe leisten.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Authors&#8217; ORCIDs" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Authors&#8217; ORCIDs</MainHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Pascal O. Berberat: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-5022-5265">0000-0001-5022-5265</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Susanne Michl: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-8387-2434">0000-0001-8387-2434</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Jan Schildmann: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0002-5755-7630">0000-0002-5755-7630</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">G&#246;tz Fabry: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0002-5393-606X">0000-0002-5393-606X</Hyperlink>&#93; </ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="ORCIDs der Autor&#42;innen" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>ORCIDs der Autor&#42;innen</MainHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Pascal O. Berberat: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-5022-5265">0000-0001-5022-5265</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Susanne Michl: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-8387-2434">0000-0001-8387-2434</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Jan Schildmann: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0002-5755-7630">0000-0002-5755-7630</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">G&#246;tz Fabry: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0002-5393-606X">0000-0002-5393-606X</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Competing interests" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Interessenkonflikt" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autor&#42;innen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <References linked="yes">
      <Reference refNo="1">
        <RefAuthor>Ahles J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Apondo S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Berberat PO</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>J&#246;mann B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kienle R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kiessling C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mauer D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Fabry G</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Professional Identity Formation (PIF) &#8211; What has NKLM 2.0 to say about it&#63; A workshop report</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc34</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Ahles J, Apondo S, Berberat PO, J&#246;mann B, Kienle R, Kiessling C, Mauer D, Fabry G. Professional Identity Formation (PIF) &#8211; What has NKLM 2.0 to say about it&#63; A workshop report. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc34. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001828</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001828</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="2">
        <RefAuthor>Albrecht F</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kiessling C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Atzeni G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Berberat PO</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Matcau P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lutz G</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>&#8220;It was  clear to me that nothing else would make me happy&#8221; &#8211; a qualitative, type-building interview study on meaningfulness and motivation in medical studies at two medical faculties</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc41</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Albrecht F, Kiessling C, Atzeni G, Berberat PO, Matcau P, Lutz G. &#8220;It was  clear to me that nothing else would make me happy&#8221; &#8211; a qualitative, type-building interview study on meaningfulness and motivation in medical studies at two medical faculties. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc41. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001835</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001835</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="3">
        <RefAuthor>Cooke M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Irby DM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>O&#8217;Brien BC</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Cooke M, Irby DM, O&#8217;Brien BC. Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2010.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="5">
        <RefAuthor>Cruess SR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cruess RL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Steinert Y</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Supporting the development of a professional identity: General principles</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2019</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Med Teach</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>641-649</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. Supporting the development of a professional identity: General principles. Med Teach. 2019;41(6):641-649. DOI: 10.1080&#47;0142159X.2018.1536260</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;0142159X.2018.1536260</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="4">
        <RefAuthor>Cruess RL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cruess SR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Steinert Y</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Amending Miller&#39;s Pyramid to Include Professional Identity Formation</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Acad Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>180-185</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Steinert Y. Amending Miller&#39;s Pyramid to Include Professional Identity Formation. Acad Med. 2016;91(2):180-185. DOI: 10.1097&#47;ACM.0000000000000913</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;ACM.0000000000000913</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="6">
        <RefAuthor>Drossard S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schuh S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gerheuser F</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Warnken I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sch&#246;ningh B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>H&#228;rtl A</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Maturitas: Development and implementation of a longitudinal curriculum to foster Professional Identity Formation at the medical faculty of the University of Augsburg</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc39</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Drossard S, Schuh S, Gerheuser F, Warnken I, Sch&#246;ningh B, H&#228;rtl A. Maturitas: Development and implementation of a longitudinal curriculum to foster Professional Identity Formation at the medical faculty of the University of Augsburg. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc39. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001833</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001833</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="7">
        <RefAuthor>Fey L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tsikas SA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Meissner S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hesse A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Afshar K</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Development and psychometric evaluation of an instrument for medical students&#8217; self-assessment of professionalism: Reliability, content, and construct validity of the MediProf questionnaire</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc40</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Fey L, Tsikas SA, Meissner S, Hesse A, Afshar K. Development and psychometric evaluation of an instrument for medical students&#8217; self-assessment of professionalism: Reliability, content, and construct validity of the MediProf questionnaire. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc40. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001834</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001834</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="8">
        <RefAuthor>Gehlhar K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ankele M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Aits I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Dehlfing A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ennen M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Professional Identity Formation in the model curriculum of human medicine in Oldenburg &#8211; a longitudinal approach</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc38</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Gehlhar K, Ankele M, Aits I, Dehlfing A, Ennen M. Professional Identity Formation in the model curriculum of human medicine in Oldenburg &#8211; a longitudinal approach. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc38. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001832</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001832</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="9">
        <RefAuthor>Gilligan C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Loda T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Junne F</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Zipfel S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kelly B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Horton G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Herrmann-Werner A</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Medical identity; perspectives of students from two countries</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2020;10</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMC Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>420</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Gilligan C, Loda T, Junne F, Zipfel S, Kelly B, Horton G, Herrmann-Werner A. Medical identity; perspectives of students from two countries. BMC Med Educ. 2020;10;20(1):420. DOI: 10.1186&#47;s12909-020-02351-7</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1186&#47;s12909-020-02351-7</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="10">
        <RefAuthor>Hafferty FW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Levinson D</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Moving beyond nostalgia and motives: towards a complexity science view of medical professionalism</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2008</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Perspect Biol Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>599-615</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Hafferty FW, Levinson D. Moving beyond nostalgia and motives: towards a complexity science view of medical professionalism. Perspect Biol Med. 2008;51(4):599-615. DOI: 10.1353&#47;pbm.0.0044</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1353&#47;pbm.0.0044</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="11">
        <RefAuthor>Irby DM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hamstra SJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Parting the Clouds: Three Professionalism Frameworks in Medical Education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Acad Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>1606-1611</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Irby DM, Hamstra SJ. Parting the Clouds: Three Professionalism Frameworks in Medical Education. Acad Med. 2016;91(12):1606-1611. DOI: 10.1097&#47;ACM.0000000000001190</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;ACM.0000000000001190</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="12">
        <RefAuthor>Kinghorn WA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McEvoy MD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Michel A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Balboni M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Professionalism in modern medicine: does the emperor have any clothes&#63;</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2007</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Acad Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>40-45</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Kinghorn WA, McEvoy MD, Michel A, Balboni M. Professionalism in modern medicine: does the emperor have any clothes&#63; Acad Med. 2007;82(1):40-45. DOI: 10.1097&#47;01.ACM.0000249911.79915.4d</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;01.ACM.0000249911.79915.4d</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="13">
        <RefAuthor>Merton RK</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Some preliminaries to a sociology of medical education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>1957</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>The student physician</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage>vii&#8211;ix</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Merton RK. Some preliminaries to a sociology of medical education. In: Reader LG, Kendall PL, editors. The student physician. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1957. p.vii&#8211;ix. DOI: 10.4159&#47;harvard.9780674366831</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.4159&#47;harvard.9780674366831</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="14">
        <RefAuthor>Monrouxe LV</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Rees CE</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Theoretical perspectives on identity: Researching identities in healthcare education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2015</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Researching Medical Education</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage>129-140</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Monrouxe LV, Rees CE. Theoretical perspectives on identity: Researching identities in healthcare education. In: Cleland J, Durning SJ, editors. Researching Medical Education. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015. p.129-140. DOI: 10.1002&#47;9781118838983.ch12</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;9781118838983.ch12</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="15">
        <RefAuthor>Mount GR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kahlke R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Melton J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Varpio L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>A Critical Review of Professional Identity Formation Interventions in Medical Education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2022</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Acad Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>S96-S106</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Mount GR, Kahlke R, Melton J, Varpio L. A Critical Review of Professional Identity Formation Interventions in Medical Education. Acad Med. 2022;97(11S):S96-S106. DOI: 10.1097&#47;ACM.0000000000004904.</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;ACM.0000000000004904.</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="16">
        <RefAuthor>Passi V</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Doug M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Peile ED</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Thistlethwaite J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Johnson N</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Developing medical professionalism in future doctors: a systematic review</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Int J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>19-29</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Passi V, Doug M, Peile ED, Thistlethwaite J, Johnson N. Developing medical professionalism in future doctors: a systematic review. Int J Med Educ. 2010;1:19-29. doi: 10.5116&#47;ijme.4bda.ca2a</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.5116&#47;ijme.4bda.ca2a</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="17">
        <RefAuthor>Riesen MS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kiessling C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tauschel D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wald HS</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>&#34;Where my responsibility lies&#34;: Reflecting on medicine during the Holocaust to support personal and professional identity formation in health professions education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc24</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Riesen MS, Kiessling C, Tauschel D, Wald HS. &#34;Where my responsibility lies&#34;: Reflecting on medicine during the Holocaust to support personal and professional identity formation in health professions education. GMS J Med Educ. 2023;40(2):Doc24. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001606</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001606</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="18">
        <RefAuthor>Schick K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kantenwein V</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schumm M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bertram T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Fritzsche MC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sapoutzis N</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Holzmann-Littig C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wijnen-Meijer M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Dealing with dilemmas in daily clinical practice: The development and evaluation of the seminar &#8220;suddenly, at the hospital&#8221; aimed at promoting Professional Identity Formation in the final practical year of undergraduate medical education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc29</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Schick K, Kantenwein V, Schumm M, Bertram T, Fritzsche MC, Sapoutzis N, Holzmann-Littig C, Wijnen-Meijer M. Dealing with dilemmas in daily clinical practice: The development and evaluation of the seminar &#8220;suddenly, at the hospital&#8221; aimed at promoting Professional Identity Formation in the final practical year of undergraduate medical education. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc29. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001823</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001823</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="19">
        <RefAuthor>Schick K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>K&#252;hlmeyer K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>J&#246;rmann B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schumm M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mathes S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Homberg A</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Professional Identity Formation in medical education and training &#8211; a discursive determination of the term in German-speaking context</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc35</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Schick K, K&#252;hlmeyer K, J&#246;rmann B, Schumm M, Mathes S, Homberg A. Professional Identity Formation in medical education and training &#8211; a discursive determination of the term in German-speaking context. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc35. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001829</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001829</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="20">
        <RefAuthor>Schmidt K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Siller K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ri&#223;mann J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Andlauer M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Feustel J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Klein F</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Petruschke I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schulz S</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Professional development of medical students - piloting a longitudinal curriculum at Jena University Hospital (LongProf)</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2024</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc44</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Schmidt K, Siller K, Ri&#223;mann J, Andlauer M, Feustel J, Klein F, Petruschke I, Schulz S. Professional development of medical students - piloting a longitudinal curriculum at Jena University Hospital (LongProf). GMS J Med Educ. 2024;41(4):Doc44. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001699</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001699</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="21">
        <RefAuthor>Schumm M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Apondo S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schneider A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Berberat PO</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Physician&#8217;s role(s): Conceptual redesign and implementation of the lecture series &#8220;Introduction to clinical medicine&#8221; for the promotion of professional identity formation based on the physician&#39;s roles of the CanMEDS framework</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc32</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Schumm M, Apondo S, Schneider A, Berberat PO. Physician&#8217;s role(s): Conceptual redesign and implementation of the lecture series &#8220;Introduction to clinical medicine&#8221; for the promotion of professional identity formation based on the physician&#39;s roles of the CanMEDS framework. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc32. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001826</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001826</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="22">
        <RefAuthor>Schumm M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kremling A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Berberat PO</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schildmann J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Vogel C</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Definitions of professional identity formation. A review of the literature and conceptual analysis</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc33</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Schumm M, Kremling A, Berberat PO, Schildmann J, Vogel C. Definitions of professional identity formation. A review of the literature and conceptual analysis. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc33. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001827</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001827</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="23">
        <RefAuthor>Shiozawa T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Glauben M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Banzhaf M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Griewatz J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hirt B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Zipfel S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lammerding-Koeppel M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Herrmann-Werner A</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>An Insight into Professional Identity Formation: Qualitative Analyses of Two Reflection Interventions During the Dissection Course</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2020</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Anat Sci Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>320-332</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Shiozawa T, Glauben M, Banzhaf M, Griewatz J, Hirt B, Zipfel S, Lammerding-Koeppel M, Herrmann-Werner A. An Insight into Professional Identity Formation: Qualitative Analyses of Two Reflection Interventions During the Dissection Course. Anat Sci Educ. 2020;13(3):320-332. DOI: 10.1002&#47;ase.1917</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;ase.1917</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="24">
        <RefAuthor>Stegers-Jager KM</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Lessons learned from 15 years of non-grades-based selection for medical school</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2018</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>86-95</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Stegers-Jager KM. Lessons learned from 15 years of non-grades-based selection for medical school. Med Educ. 2018;52(1):86-95. DOI: 10.1111&#47;medu.13462</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;medu.13462</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="25">
        <RefAuthor>ten Cate O</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Khursigara-Slattery N</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cruess RL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hamstra SJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Steinert Y</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sternszus R</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Medical competence as a multilayered construct</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2024</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>93-104</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>ten Cate O, Khursigara-Slattery N, Cruess RL, Hamstra SJ, Steinert Y, Sternszus R. Medical competence as a multilayered construct. Med Educ. 2024;58(1):93-104. DOI: 10.1111&#47;medu.15162</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;medu.15162</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="26">
        <RefAuthor>Verstegen PM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kole JJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Groenewoud AS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>van den Hoogen FJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Virtues in Competency-Based Assessment Frameworks: A Text Analysis</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Perspect Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>418-426</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Verstegen PM, Kole JJ, Groenewoud AS, van den Hoogen FJ. Virtues in Competency-Based Assessment Frameworks: A Text Analysis. Perspect Med Educ. 2023;12(1):418-426. DOI: 10.5334&#47;pme.996</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.5334&#47;pme.996</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="27">
        <RefAuthor>Vogel C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schildmann J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sommerlatte S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schmidt E</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>&#8220;Well advised&#8221; &#8211; Simulation of an ethical case consultation with students of evidence-based nursing, midwifery, and human medicine as part of an interprofessional education course</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc31</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Vogel C, Schildmann J, Sommerlatte S, Schmidt E. &#8220;Well advised&#8221; &#8211; Simulation of an ethical case consultation with students of evidence-based nursing, midwifery, and human medicine as part of an interprofessional education course. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc31. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001825</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001825</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="28">
        <RefAuthor>Wald HS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Riesen MS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kiessling C</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Moral development in personal and professional identity formation: Longitudinal impact of teaching the role of medicine during the Holocaust in health professions education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc36</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Wald HS, Riesen MS, Kiessling C. Moral development in personal and professional identity formation: Longitudinal impact of teaching the role of medicine during the Holocaust in health professions education. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc36. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001830</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001830</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="29">
        <RefAuthor>Warken I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schindler AK</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hinzmann D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Igl A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Rotthoff T</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Promoting professional identity through peer support during studies: a report on the peer support in medical education project</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc30</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Warken I, Schindler AK, Hinzmann D, Igl A, Rotthoff T. Promoting professional identity through peer support during studies: a report on the peer support in medical education project. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc30. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001824</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001824</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="30">
        <RefAuthor>Wild V</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>A bio-psycho-socio-planetary model of health and Iris Marion Young&#8217;s concept of responsibility as foundation for a medical ethos during environmental crises</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2026</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc37</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Wild V. A bio-psycho-socio-planetary model of health and Iris Marion Young&#8217;s concept of responsibility as foundation for a medical ethos during environmental crises. GMS J Med Educ. 2026;43(3):Doc37. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001831</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001831</RefLink>
      </Reference>
    </References>
    <Media>
      <Tables>
        <NoOfTables>0</NoOfTables>
      </Tables>
      <Figures>
        <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures>
      </Figures>
      <InlineFigures>
        <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures>
      </InlineFigures>
      <Attachments>
        <NoOfAttachments>0</NoOfAttachments>
      </Attachments>
    </Media>
  </OrigData>
</GmsArticle>