<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE GmsArticle SYSTEM "http://www.egms.de/dtd/2.0.34/GmsArticle.dtd">
<GmsArticle xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <MetaData>
    <Identifier>zma001815</Identifier>
    <IdentifierDoi>10.3205/zma001815</IdentifierDoi>
    <IdentifierUrn>urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0018152</IdentifierUrn>
    <ArticleType language="en">review article</ArticleType>
    <ArticleType language="de">&#220;bersichtsarbeit</ArticleType>
    <TitleGroup>
      <Title language="en">Interprofessional continuing education in health professions &#8211; a scoping review of framework conditions, design processes and evaluation designs</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Interprofessionelle Fortbildungen in den Gesundheitsberufen &#8211; ein Scoping Review zu Rahmenbedingungen, Gestaltungsprozessen und Evaluationsdesigns</TitleTranslated>
    </TitleGroup>
    <CreatorList>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Wesselborg</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Wesselborg</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>B&#228;rbel</Firstname>
          <Initials>B</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Prof. Dr.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, Alte Landstr. 179, D-40489 D&#252;sseldorf, Germany<Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, Alte Landstr. 179, 40489 D&#252;sseldorf, Deutschland<Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>wesselborg&#64;fliedner-fachhochschule.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="yes" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Knepperges</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Knepperges</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Ingo</Firstname>
          <Initials>I</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Email>ingo.knepperges&#64;gmx.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>von den Driesch</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>von den Driesch</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Nina</Firstname>
          <Initials>N</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Email>Nina.vondendriesch&#64;t-online.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Sch&#228;fer</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Sch&#228;fer</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Miriam</Firstname>
          <Initials>M</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Email>miriamschaefer11&#64;aol.com</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Stephan</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Stephan</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Astrid</Firstname>
          <Initials>A</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</Affiliation>
          <Affiliation>Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Stabstelle Pflegewissenschaft der Pflegedirektion, Aachen, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Fliedner Fachhochschule D&#252;sseldorf, Studiengang Berufsp&#228;dagogik Pflege und Gesundheit, D&#252;sseldorf, Deutschland</Affiliation>
          <Affiliation>Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Stabstelle Pflegewissenschaft der Pflegedirektion, Aachen, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Email>stephan&#64;fliedner-fachhochschule.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
    </CreatorList>
    <PublisherList>
      <Publisher>
        <Corporation>
          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
      </Publisher>
    </PublisherList>
    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">interprofessional learning</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">methods</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">lecturers</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">evaluation</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">interprofessionelles Lernen</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Methoden</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Dozierende</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Evaluation</Keyword>
      <SectionHeading language="en">interprofessional education</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Interprofessionelle Fortbildung</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20241001</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20250707</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20250903</DateAccepted>
    <DatePublishedList>
      <DatePublished>20260217</DatePublished>
    </DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
    <License license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
    </License>
    <SourceGroup>
      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>43</Volume>
        <Issue>2</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
      </Journal>
    </SourceGroup>
    <ArticleNo>21</ArticleNo>
  </MetaData>
  <OrigData>
    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph><Mark1>Zielsetzung: </Mark1>Weitgehend unbekannt ist, wie interprofessionelle Fortbildungen gestaltet werden und welche beruflichen Hintergr&#252;nde Teilnehmenden und Dozierende mitbringen, obschon diese f&#252;r die Planung, Durchf&#252;hrung und Zielerreichung wichtig sein k&#246;nnen. Ziel der Studie ist es daher, einen systematischen &#220;berblick &#252;ber die in Studien beschriebenen Rahmenbedingungen, Gestaltungsprozesse und Evaluationsdesigns interprofessioneller Fortbildungsangebote zu geben.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Methodik: </Mark1>Ein Scoping Review wurde durchgef&#252;hrt. Die systematische Literaturrecherche wurde in den Datenbanken MEDLINE, CINAHL, PROSPERO und ProQuest durchgef&#252;hrt. Zus&#228;tzlich wurden relevante, nicht indexierte Zeitschriften und graue Literatur einbezogen und manuell durchsucht. Die Auswahl der Studien erfolgte anhand definierter Kriterien und die Analyse erfolgte in Anlehnung an das &#8222;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8220; von Freeth und Reeves deduktiv nach Rahmenbedingungen, Prozess- und Ergebniskriterien.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Ergebnisse:</Mark1> Die Analyse der eingeschlossenen Studien (n&#61;79) zeigt, dass interprofessionelle Fortbildungen mehrheitlich von Angeh&#246;rigen der Medizin und Pflege genutzt werden. Die Fortbildungen werden teils von interprofessionellen Teams geleitet. Eine p&#228;dagogische Qualifikation der Dozierenden wird selten berichtet. Die Fortbildungen finden h&#228;ufig im akutstation&#228;ren Setting im Rahmen von Notfallsimulationen statt. Weiterhin wird h&#228;ufiger die Versorgung von Menschen mit bestimmten Krankheiten sowie Kommunikation adressiert. Die Fortbildungen werden v.a. durch die Teilnehmenden evaluiert.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Schlussfolgerung: </Mark1>Um die Qualit&#228;t interprofessioneller Fortbildungen bewerten zu k&#246;nnen, sollten auch die Rahmenbedingungen vollst&#228;ndig berichtet werden. Interprofessionelle Fortbildungsveranstaltungen sollten vermehrt setting- und sektor&#252;bergreifende Themen angeboten werden und die Perspektive von Patient:innen sollte in die Evaluation aufgenommen werden.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph><Mark1>Objective:</Mark1> Little is known about the design of interprofessional continuing education programs and the extent of the professional backgrounds of participants and lecturers, even though this information can be important for planning, implementing and achieving objectives. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a systematic overview of the framework conditions, design processes and evaluation designs of the interprofessional continuing education programs described in these studies.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Methods: </Mark1>A scoping review was conducted. A systematic literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PROSPERO and ProQuest databases. In addition, relevant, nonindexed journals and grey literature were included and searched manually. The studies were selected on the basis of defined criteria and analysed deductively according to framework conditions and process and outcome criteria on the basis of Freeth and Reeves&#8217; &#8220;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8221;.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Results: </Mark1>Analysis of the included studies (n&#61;79) revealed that interprofessional continuing education courses are used mainly by members of the medical and nursing professions. Some of the courses are led by interprofessional teams. The pedagogical qualifications of the instructors are rarely reported. Courses often take place in acute inpatient settings as part of emergency simulations. Furthermore, the care of people with certain diseases and communication are addressed relatively frequently. The continuing education courses are evaluated mainly by the participants.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Conclusion:</Mark1> To assess the quality of interprofessional continuing education courses, the framework conditions should also be reported in full. Interprofessional events should increasingly offer cross-setting and cross-sector topics and include the perspective of patients in the evaluation.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock name="1. Introduction" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>1. Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Interprofessional education (IPE) is intended to play a central role in the qualification of health care professionals to improve interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in professional practice and thus health care <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. In preparation for work scenarios implementing interprofessional teams, various educational programs have been developed worldwide in recent decades &#8211; with a time lag in German-speaking countries &#8211; to promote joint team-based learning (e.g., <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><Pgraph>In the context of interprofessional learning programs, formats have become established internationally that take place after initial qualification and are referred to as continuing interprofessional education (CIPE) <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. While IPE aims to improve the skills of students, CIPE focuses on professionals who are already working in various areas of the health care system. The terms IPE and CIPE are applicable only when members of two or more health care and&#47;or social professions learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of health care <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. There is evidence that IPE can improve the quality of care and patient outcomes both before and after professional registration <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Freeth and Reeves <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> describe fundamental didactic considerations regarding the structure and decision-making levels of interprofessional education programs. They adapted the 3P model (presage &#8211; process &#8211; product) for the design of learning situations of Biggs <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> to the specifics of interprofessional learning. In the &#8220;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8221; <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, important aspects of the planning and conducting of interprofessional learning formats, such as the specific educational outcomes that can be expected, are highlighted.</Pgraph><Pgraph>As interprofessional education in health professions has been the focus of attention and further development in the German-speaking countries of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (GSA) in recent years, more interprofessional continuing education after entry into the profession is expected in the future <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. Nevertheless, no studies have yet reported in detail the framework conditions (including the professional backgrounds of the participants and the profiles of the lecturers), didactic-methodological design decisions or evaluation designs. Consequently, this review aims to provide an overview of the conditions and didactic decisions in the methodological design and evaluation of interprofessional continuing education programs. In line with the assumed increase in the number of these courses <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, the results should have implications for the development of interprofessional continuing education programs, particularly in the GSA region.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The following research question was pursued:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">What framework conditions, didactic-methodological decisions and evaluation designs are described in the literature for interprofessional continuing education programs for health professions&#63;</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="1. Einleitung" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>1. Einleitung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die interprofessionelle Ausbildung (Interprofessional Education; IPE) soll eine zentrale Rolle in der Qualifizierung der Gesundheitsberufe einnehmen, um die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit (interprofessional collaboration; IPC) in der Berufspraxis und damit die Gesundheitsversorgung zu verbessern <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Zur Vorbereitung auf die Arbeit in interprofessionellen Teams wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten weltweit &#8211; mit zeitlicher Verz&#246;gerung auch im deutschsprachigen Raum &#8211; verschiedene Bildungsangebote entwickelt, die das gemeinsame teambasierte Lernen f&#246;rdern sollen (u. a. <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>). </Pgraph><Pgraph>Im Zusammenhang mit interprofessionellen Lernangeboten haben sich insbesondere international Formate etabliert, die nach der Erstqualifikation stattfinden und als Continuing Interprofessional Education (CIPE) bezeichnet werden <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. W&#228;hrend IPE darauf abzielt die F&#228;higkeiten der Studierenden bzw. Auszubildenden zu verbessern, konzentriert sich CIPE auf die Berufspraktiker&#42;innen, die bereits in den verschiedenen Bereichen des Gesundheitssystems t&#228;tig sind. Man spricht nur dann von IPE bzw. CIPE, wenn Angeh&#246;rige zweier oder mehrerer Gesundheits- und&#47;oder Sozialberufe miteinander, voneinander und &#252;bereinander lernen, um die Zusammenarbeit und die Qualit&#228;t der Gesundheitsversorgung zu verbessern <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Es gibt Hinweise daf&#252;r, dass IPE sowohl vor als auch nach der Berufszulassung die Qualit&#228;t der Versorgung und die Patient&#42;innenergebnisse verbessern kann <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Grundlegende didaktische &#220;berlegungen zur Struktur und Entscheidungsebenen interprofessioneller Bildungsangebote in der Aus- und Fortbildung beschreiben Freeth und Reeves <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. Diese haben das 3P-Modell (Presage &#8211; Process &#8211; Product. Dabei kann &#8222;Presage&#8220; mit Rahmenbedingungen, &#8222;Process&#8220; mit Prozesskriterien bei der Gestaltung von Bildungsangeboten und &#8222;Product&#8220; mit Ergebniskriterien &#252;bersetzt werden) zur Gestaltung von Lernsituationen von Biggs <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> auf die Besonderheiten interprofessionellen Lernens &#252;bertragen. In dem &#8222;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8220; <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> werden wichtige Aspekte der Planung und Durchf&#252;hrung interprofessioneller Lernformate herausgearbeitet, wie z. B. die spezifisch zu erwarteten Bildungsergebnisse. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Nachdem im deutschsprachigen Raum in den letzten Jahren die interprofessionelle Ausbildung in den Gesundheitsberufen im Fokus stand und weiterentwickelt wurde, werden in Zukunft mehr interprofessionelle Fortbildungen nach dem Berufseinstieg erwartet <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. Dennoch wurden bisher keine Arbeiten vorgelegt, die detailliert die Rahmenbedingungen (u. a. die beruflichen Hintergr&#252;nde der Teilnehmenden und die Profile der Dozierenden), didaktisch-methodische Gestaltungsentscheidungen oder Evaluationsdesigns berichten. Folglich verfolgt diese &#220;bersichtsarbeit das Ziel, einen &#220;berblick zu den Bedingungen und berichteten didaktischen Entscheidungen bei der methodischen Umsetzung und der Evaluation interprofessioneller Fortbildungsangeboten zu geben. Entsprechend des angenommenen Anstieges <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> sollen die Ergebnisse Implikationen f&#252;r die Entwicklung von interprofessionellen Fortbildungen, insbesondere im DACH-Raum, bieten. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Folgende Forschungsfrage wurde verfolgt: </Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Welche Rahmenbedingungen, didaktisch-methodischen Umsetzungsentscheidungen und Evaluationsdesigns werden bei interprofessionellen Fortbildungen f&#252;r Gesundheitsberufe in der Literatur beschrieben&#63; </ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="2. Method" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>2. Method</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>2.1. Research design</SubHeadline><Pgraph>A scoping review <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink> was conducted to answer the research question. Scoping reviews are suitable for reviewing large amounts of (heterogeneous) literature and providing an overview of the research landscape. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework for scoping reviews <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink> was used for the review process.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.2. Data collection: Search strategy</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The PCC scheme (population, concept and context) was used to specify the research question and define the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the studies <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. It was determined that the publications must have been related to professionals in the health care sector and social professions working in the health care sector (e.g., social work) <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. The courses must have taken place after professional certification to maintain or expand professional skills in the professional field and should not, in the sense of continuing education, have ended with an additional qualifying degree. In addition, the courses must have been evaluated. Furthermore, the continuing education should, by definition, have enabled interprofessional learning <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, i.e., used interactive teaching and learning methods that promoted exchange between professionals to increase interprofessional cooperation and the quality of care in the health care system.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in table 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" />.</Pgraph><Pgraph>A systematic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PROSPERO and ProQuest databases on 25 February 2025 (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />). In addition, the relevant journals <Mark2>&#8220;Journal of Research in Interprofessional Practice and Education&#8221;</Mark2> and <Mark2>&#8220;Health, Interprofessional Practice and Education&#8221;</Mark2>, which are not listed in the databases, were searched manually.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The search string used included operationalised terms from the research questions and synonyms such as &#8220;interprofessional&#8221;, &#8220;interdisciplinary&#8221;, &#8220;interoccupation&#8221;, &#8220;team&#8221;, &#8220;continuing&#8221;, &#8220;postgraduate&#8221;, &#8220;ongoing&#8221;, &#8220;health care outcomes&#8221; and &#8220;educational outcomes&#8221;. The search included all English- and German-language articles. To obtain a broad overview of the research landscape, no filter was set with regard to the publication period.</Pgraph><Pgraph>A total of 10,800 studies were identified in the databases and 121 publications through manual searches. After title&#47;abstract screening and exclusion of studies on the basis of the specified criteria (see table 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" />), 79 studies were included (see figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure" />).</Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.3. Data analysis</SubHeadline><Pgraph>First, the basic bibliographic data of the included studies were extracted <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. The studies were then analysed deductively on the basis of the &#8220;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8221; <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> using the categories &#8220;framework conditions&#8221; (presage), &#8220;didactic-methodological decisions&#8221; (process) and &#8220;evaluation&#8221; (product). The subcategories &#8220;context&#8221;, &#8220;lecturers&#8221; and &#8220;participants&#8221; were formed under framework conditions. To ensure the quality of the data extraction, 25 randomly selected studies (32&#37;) were double-evaluated by the authors and showed a high degree of agreement. The remaining data were extracted by one person. The results were then analysed in terms of frequency and summarised.</Pgraph><Pgraph>All the evaluation categories are shown in the attached figure (see figure 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />).</Pgraph><Pgraph>Because a scoping review does not necessarily include an analysis of the study quality <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink> and the study objective does not involve a methodological evaluation but merely a description of the included literature, the presentation of study quality was omitted.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="2. Methode" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>2. Methode</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>2.1. Forschungsdesign</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde ein Scoping Review <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink> durchgef&#252;hrt. Scoping Reviews sind geeignet, um gr&#246;&#223;ere Mengen an (heterogener) Literatur zu sichten und einen &#220;berblick &#252;ber die Forschungslandschaft zu geben. F&#252;r den Review-Prozess wurde das Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Framework f&#252;r Scoping-Reviews <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink> genutzt. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.2. Datenerhebung: Suchstrategie</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Zur Konkretisierung der Fragestellung und der Festlegung der Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien der Studien wurde das PCC-Schema (Population, Concept und Context) herangezogen <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Festgelegt wurde, dass sich die Ver&#246;ffentlichungen auf Berufsangeh&#246;rige der Gesundheitsberufe und der im Gesundheitswesen t&#228;tigen Sozialberufe (z. B. Soziale Arbeit) beziehen m&#252;ssen <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Die Fortbildungen m&#252;ssen nach der Berufszulassung zum Erhalt bzw. zur Erweiterung der beruflichen Kompetenzen im beruflichen T&#228;tigkeitsfeld stattfinden und sollen nicht, im Sinn einer Weiterbildung, mit einem zus&#228;tzlichen qualifizierenden Abschluss enden. Zudem musste die Fortbildung evaluiert worden sein. Ferner soll die Fortbildung interprofessionelles Lernen per Definition erm&#246;glichen <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, sprich interaktive Lehr-Lernmethoden nutzen, die den Austausch der Berufsangeh&#246;rigen f&#246;rdern, um die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit und die Versorgungsqualit&#228;t im Gesundheitswesen zu erh&#246;hen.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien sind in Tabelle 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" /> dargelegt.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die systematische Literaturrecherche wurde in den Datenbanken MEDLINE, CINAHL, PROSPERO und ProQuest am 25.02.2025 durchgef&#252;hrt (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />). Zus&#228;tzlich wurden die in den Datenbanken nicht gelisteten relevanten Journals &#8222;Journal of Research in Interprofessional Practice and Education&#8220; und &#8222;Health, Interprofessional Practice and Education&#8220; manuell durchsucht. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Der verwendete Suchstring beinhaltete operationalisierte Begriffe der Forschungsfragen und Synonyme wie &#8222;interprofessional&#8220; &#8222;interdisciplinary&#8220;, &#8222;interoccupation&#8220;, &#8222;team&#8220;, &#8222;continuing&#8220; &#8222;postgraduate&#8220;, ongoing&#8220;, &#8222;healthcare outcomes&#8220; und &#8222;educational outcomes&#8220;. Die Suche schloss alle englisch- und deutschsprachigen Artikel ein. Um einen breiten &#220;berblick &#252;ber die Forschungslandschaft zu erhalten wurde kein Filter bez&#252;glich des Publikationszeitraumes gesetzt.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Insgesamt wurden in den Datenbanken 10.800 Studien und 121 Ver&#246;ffentlichungen &#252;ber die Handsuche identifiziert. Nach dem Titel&#47;Abstract Screening und dem Ausschluss von Studien anhand der festgelegten Kriterien (siehe Tabelle 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" />) konnten 79 Studien eingeschlossen werden (siehe Abbildung 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure" />). </Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.3. Datenanalyse</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Zun&#228;chst wurden die bibliographischen Basisdaten der eingeschlossenen Studien extrahiert <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Anschlie&#223;end wurden die Studien deduktiv angelehnt an das &#8222;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8220; <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> anhand der Kategorien &#8222;Rahmenbedingungen&#8220;, &#8222;didaktisch-methodische Umsetzungsentscheidungen&#8220; und &#8222;Evaluation&#8220; ausgewertet. Dabei wurden unter Rahmenbedingungen die Subkategorien &#8222;Kontext&#8220;, &#8222;Dozierende&#8220; und &#8222;Teilnehmende&#8220; gebildet. Zur Qualit&#228;tssicherung der Datenextraktion wurden 25 zuf&#228;llig ausgew&#228;hlte Studien (32&#37;) durch die Autor&#42;innen doppelt ausgewertet was eine hohe &#220;bereinstimmung zeigte. Die &#252;brige Datenextraktion erfolgte durch eine Person. Anschlie&#223;end wurden die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich H&#228;ufigkeiten analysiert und zusammenfassend beschrieben. </Pgraph><Pgraph>S&#228;mtliche Auswertungskategorien sind in beigef&#252;gter Abbildung (siehe Abbildung 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />) dargelegt.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Da ein Scoping Review nicht zwingend die Analyse der Studienqualit&#228;t einschlie&#223;t <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink> und das Studienziel nicht die methodische Bewertung, sondern lediglich die Beschreibung der eingeschlossenen Literatur beinhaltet, wurde auf die Darstellung der Studienqualit&#228;t verzichtet.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="3. Results" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>3. Results</MainHeadline><Pgraph>A total of 79 studies from 17 countries were included. Most of the studies originated from the USA (42&#37;; n&#61;33), Canada (18&#37;; n&#61;14), Great Britain (10&#37;; n&#61;8) and Australia (6&#37;; n&#61;5). Fewer studies on interprofessional continuing education were conducted in Sweden, the Netherlands and Austria, among other countries.</Pgraph><Pgraph>With the exception of one study <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, all continuing education courses were published after the turn of the millennium. Between 1996 and 2015, the number of publications almost doubled every five years.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The studies identified evaluated either team training for existing teams (e.g., <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>) or continuing education courses with participants from different fields of work (e.g., <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>). In addition, since the early 2020s, digitally supported programs offering national <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> and international <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink> interprofessional continuing education courses have increased. In addition to studies that described the evaluation of a single course, studies that aimed to collect and evaluate data from several cohorts and courses were also included (e.g., <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline>3.1. Framework conditions</SubHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.1.1. Context</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.1.1.1. Development</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>The didactic concept of interprofessional continuing education is very often (66&#37;; n&#61;52) developed by the authors (e.g., <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>). Only a few studies have justified the development of the program on the basis of the intended study objectives <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>. Standardised concepts such as &#8220;crew resource management&#8221; <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, &#8220;TeamSTEPPS&#8221; <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, &#8220;situation awareness&#8221; <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink> or &#8220;serious illness conversation&#8221; <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> are cited as models for didactic structure. Furthermore, didactic concepts are developed on the basis of nationally implemented programs (e.g., <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>) or recommendations such as those of the Canadian patient safety institute (e.g., <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.1.1.2. Duration</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>The duration of the course varied greatly. Most often, interprofessional courses lasted 2.5-5 hours (22&#37;; n&#61;17) or 6-8 hours (16&#37;; n&#61;13) and were conducted on a single day. However, the time frame was not reported in more than one-third of the studies (32&#37;; n&#61;25). One of the longest courses lasted 40 days <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink> and focused on improving the general safety of patients in hospitals in just over 70 hours of theory and additional self-study and project work phases. At 2.5 hours each, the interprofessional courses offered by Abulebda et al. <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink> and Bosnic-Anticevich et al. <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink> were the shortest, each lasting 2.5 hours. These were a simulation-based team training course on paediatric emergencies <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink> and a course on developing improved skills in educating patients with asthma on the use of metered-dose inhalers <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.1.2. Lecturers</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.1.2.1. Professional background</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>The professional background of the lecturers is described in approximately half of the studies (47&#37;; n&#61;37). These were most frequently (usually in interprofessional teams; see didactic-methodological decisions) members of medicine (n&#61;33) and nursing (n&#61;27). Psychologists (n&#61;8) were less frequently involved. Pharmacists (n&#61;7) and physiotherapists (n&#61;5) are mentioned somewhat less frequently. Occasionally, lecturers with professional backgrounds in medical technology, social work, midwifery, or nutritional science were involved.</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.1.2.2. Qualification</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>The qualifications of lecturers for interprofessional continuing education courses are only reported in a fragmentary manner. In approximately half of the studies (n&#61;37; 47&#37;), no statement is made regarding qualifications. The most frequently mentioned qualification is a professional qualification in the subject area addressed (25&#37;; n&#61;20). Pedagogical qualifications are rare. In a few studies, lecturers are described as having a professional and (unspecified) pedagogical qualification (n&#61;8). In some studies, further qualifications tailored to the specific training method (e.g., a Master&#39;s degree in Team-Stepps <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink> or a debriefing course <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>) are mentioned for the lecturers (n&#61;13). Adams et al. <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink> emphasise that the lecturer is experienced in interprofessional education. The distinguishing features of this experience are not explained in detail.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.1.3. Participants</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.1.3.1. Professional background</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>The included studies (based on reported case numbers) involved 11,273 members from 19 different health and social care professions. The most frequently involved professionals were medical doctors (100&#37;; n&#61;79) and nurses (90&#37;; n&#61;71). They were followed by pharmacists (32&#37;; n&#61;25), social workers (27&#37;; n&#61;21), and occupational therapists (23&#37;; n&#61;18) an physiotherapists (22&#37;; n&#61;17). In some studies, administrative or management staff were involved (13&#37;; n&#61;10), and in another study, pastoral carers were involved (6&#37;; n&#61;5). The most frequently involved professional groups are shown in table 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="table" />.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>3.2. Process</SubHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.2.1. Didactic-methodological decisions</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.2.1.1. Leadership</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>As described in the context section, information about the lecturers is provided in approximately half of the courses. In most cases (43&#37;; n&#61;34), teaching was carried out by an interprofessional team. Only one study does not describe this team in detail in terms of (professional) qualifications; otherwise, teams usually consisted of medical and nursing professionals and possibly others, such as social workers (e.g., <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>), physiotherapists (e.g., <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>) or pharmacists (e.g., <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>). Monoprofessional teams are rarely described (3&#37;; n&#61;2) <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, and individual lecturers taught somewhat more frequently (10&#37;; n&#61;8) (e.g., <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.2.1.2. Subject-specific focus areas</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>In interprofessional courses, emergency and resuscitation training (41&#37;; n&#61;32) in specific specialised areas in acute inpatient settings, such as gynaecology or intensive care medicine, and with existing teams are particularly frequently reported. These courses used self-developed or tried-and-tested programs (e.g., CRM or teamstep) and were designed to train technical and interprofessional skills to improve collaboration and health care (e.g., <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>). In some cases, the courses also focused on teaching communication skills to improve interprofessional teamwork with little or no specialist content (9&#37;; n&#61;7) (e.g., <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><Pgraph>Furthermore, continuing interprofessional education courses (28&#37;; n&#61;22) addressed the care of specific patient groups, e.g., those with diabetes <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink> or psychiatric disorders <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>. These courses had a strong focus on specialist content and were located mostly in primary care. Specialist training courses that focused on different professional roles and perspectives on dealing with specific medications or medication management (5&#37;; n&#61;4) are also worth mentioning here (e.g., <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>). The remaining courses addressed topics such as communication training with difficult patients, patient safety and, in rare cases, transition and quality management (18&#37; n&#61;14) (e.g., <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.2.1.3. Teaching methods used</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>On average, four different methodological approaches were chosen in each interprofessional course. As described in the context section, the didactic concept of the course was very often (66&#37;; n&#61;52) developed by the authors. Only rarely (9&#37;; n&#61;7) was the development of the program justified on the basis of the study objectives. In addition to lectures (71&#37;; n&#61;56), which were used in the vast majority of interprofessional courses to impart knowledge, group discussions  were the second most common (48&#37;; n&#61;38). Simulations with debriefings (49&#37;; n&#61;39) were also used. Other methods included case-based learning (38&#37;; n&#61;30), group work (14&#37;; n&#61;11) and practical exercises (25&#37;; n&#61;20). Role-playing (16&#37;; n&#61;13), self-regulated learning (19&#37;; n&#61;15) and educational films (14&#37;; n&#61;11) were also used. Since the early 2020s, video conference-based formats have been implemented (e.g., <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline>3.3. Study data</SubHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.3.1. Evaluation design</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.3.1.1. Study design</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Approximately half of the studies (54&#37;; n&#61;43) had a quantitative study design. The remaining studies were based on a mixed-methods design (35&#37;; n&#61;28) or qualitative design (10&#37;; n&#61;8). The majority (68&#37;; n&#61;54) had at least two survey points (pre&#8211;post design), with only 6 cases being randomised controlled trials <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.3.1.2. Evaluation perspectives</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>The studies almost always surveyed data from the participants&#8217; perspective (96&#37;; n&#61;76). This was done by evaluating the interprofessional event itself, e.g., in terms of its organisation, or subjectively assessing relevance (e.g., <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>). To evaluate interprofessional educational outcomes, reference was often made to the model developed by Barr and colleagues <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, originally based on Kirkpatrick&#8217;s model, which distinguishes between four levels: 1: reaction; 2a: change in attitude&#47;perception; 2b: acquisition of knowledge and skills; 3: behavioural change; 4a: change in organisational practice; and 4b: benefit for the patient. Furthermore, changes in attitude or perception, e.g., towards team-based work, were surveyed from the participants&#8217; perspective (e.g., <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>). Many studies also investigated the acquisition of knowledge and skills, e.g., using questionnaires, sometimes before and after the course (pre-post design), e.g., perceived team performance or interprofessional collaboration and communication (e.g., <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>). However, there were also study designs that used knowledge tests to determine learning success before and after an event <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>. A few studies (8&#37;; n&#61;6) also investigated, beyond the participants&#39; perspective, the extent to which changes occur in the organisational practice of health care after the course (e.g., <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><Pgraph>Furthermore, in some of the studies (16&#37;; n&#61;13), the perspectives of professional observers, particularly with regard to the implementation and assessment of the learning success of simulation-based emergency training (e.g., <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>), and, in one study, the statements of the simulation participants <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink> were included in the evaluation.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Studies that aimed to demonstrate the benefits of the interprofessional course for patients (15&#37;; n&#61;12) generally used routine data analysis and presented, for example, changes (improvements) in patients&#39; blood values or the (reduced) number of emergencies following interprofessional training (e.g., <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>). In one study <TextLink reference="60"></TextLink>, the benefits were also analysed via a focus group interview with patients.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="3. Ergebnisse" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>3. Ergebnisse</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Insgesamt konnten 79 Studien aus 17 L&#228;ndern einbezogen werden. Dabei stammen die meisten Studien aus den USA (42&#37;; n&#61;33), Kanada (18&#37;; n&#61;14), Gro&#223;britannien (10&#37;; n&#61;8) und Australien (6&#37;; n&#61;5). Weitere Studien zu interprofessionellen Fortbildungen in geringerer Anzahl fanden u. a. in Schweden, Niederlande und &#214;sterreich statt. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Bis auf eine Studie <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink> wurden alle Fortbildungen nach der Jahrtausendwende publiziert. Zwischen 1996 und 2015 verdoppelte sich die Anzahl an Ver&#246;ffentlichungen nahezu alle f&#252;nf Jahre.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die identifizierten Studien evaluierten entweder Teamtrainings bei bestehenden Teams (u. a. <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>) oder Fortbildungen mit Teilnehmern aus unterschiedlichen Arbeitsbereichen (u. a. <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>). Dar&#252;ber hinaus bestehen seit Anfang der 2020er Jahren vermehrt digital gest&#252;tzte Programme die national <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> und international <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink> interprofessionelle Fortbildungen anbieten. Neben Studien, die die Evaluation einer einzelnen durchgef&#252;hrten Fortbildung beschrieben, wurden auch Studien einbezogen, die auf die Erhebung und Auswertung von Daten mehrerer Kohorten und Durchg&#228;ngen zielten (u. a. <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>).  </Pgraph><SubHeadline>3.1 Rahmenbedingungen</SubHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.1.1. Kontext</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.1.1.1. Entwicklung</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Das didaktische Konzept der interprofessionellen Fortbildungen wird sehr h&#228;ufig (66&#37;; n&#61;52) durch die Autor&#42;innen entwickelt (u. a. <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>). Dabei wird in nur wenigen Studien die Entwicklung des Programms anhand der anvisierten Studienziele begr&#252;ndet <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>. Deutlich seltener (21&#37;; n&#61;17) werden &#8211; i. d. R. bei der Schulung von bestehenden Teams &#8211; standardisierte Konzepte wie z. B. das &#8222;Crew Ressource Management&#8220; <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink> &#8222;TeamSTEPPS&#8220; <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, &#8222;Situation Awareness&#8220; <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink> oder &#8222;Serious Illness Conversation&#8220; <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> als Vorbild f&#252;r den didaktischen Aufbau genannt. Weiterhin werden die didaktischen Konzepte in Anlehnung an national durchgef&#252;hrte Programme (u. a. <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>) oder Empfehlungen wie dem &#8222;Canadian Patient Safety Institute&#8220; entwickelt (u. a. <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>). </Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.1.1.2. Dauer</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Die Dauer der Fortbildungen variiert stark. Am h&#228;ufigsten dauern interprofessionelle Fortbildungen 2,5-5 (22&#37;; n&#61;17) oder 6-8 Stunden (16&#37;; n&#61;13) und werden an einem Tag durchgef&#252;hrt. Jedoch wird der zeitliche Ablauf in &#252;ber einem Drittel der Studien (32&#37;; n&#61;25) nicht berichtet. Eine der l&#228;ngsten Fortbildungen dauerte 40 Tage <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink> und bezog sich in knapp &#252;ber 70 Theoriestunden und weiteren Selbst- und Projektarbeitsphasen auf die Verbesserung der allgemeinen Sicherheit von Patient&#42;innen im Krankenhaus. Mit jeweils 2,5 Stunden sind die interprofessionellen Bildungsangebote von Abulebda et al. <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink> und Bosnic-Anticevich et al. <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink> die k&#252;rzesten. Hierbei handelte es um ein simulationsbasiertes Teamtraining zu Notf&#228;llen in der P&#228;diatrie <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink> und eine Fortbildung zur Entwicklung verbesserter Kompetenzen in der Patient&#42;innenedukation bei asthmaerkranken Personen zur Handhabung von Dosieraerosolen <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.1.2. Dozierende</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.1.2.1. Berufshintergrund</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Der berufliche Hintergrund der Dozierenden wird in ungef&#228;hr der H&#228;lfte der Studien (47&#37;; n&#61;37) beschrieben. Dies sind am h&#228;ufigsten (i. d. R. in interprofessionellen Teams, siehe did.-meth. Umsetzung) Berufsangeh&#246;rige der Medizin (n&#61;33) und der Pflege (n&#61;27). Geringer sind Psycholog&#42;innen (n&#61;8) beteiligt. Etwas seltener werden Angeh&#246;rigen der Pharmazie (n&#61;7) oder Physiotherapie (n&#61;5) genannt. Vereinzelt sind Dozierende mit einem beruflichen Hintergrund in der Medizintechnik, der Sozialen Arbeit oder dem Hebammenwesen oder der Ern&#228;hrungswissenschaft beteiligt. </Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.1.2.2. Qualifikation</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Die Qualifikation der Dozierenden f&#252;r die interprofessionellen Fortbildungen wird nur l&#252;ckenhaft berichtet. In ca. der H&#228;lfte der Studien (n&#61;37; 47&#37;) erfolgt zur Qualifikation keine Aussage. Am h&#228;ufigsten wird eine fachliche Qualifikation im adressierten Themengebiet (25&#37;; n&#61;20) erw&#228;hnt. P&#228;dagogische Qualifikationen sind selten. In wenigen Studien wird bei den Dozierenden eine fachliche und (nicht n&#228;her beschriebene) p&#228;dagogische Qualifikation (n&#61;8) beschrieben. Teils wird bei den Dozierenden (n&#61;13) eine auf das spezielle Trainingsverfahren abgestimmte Weiterbildung (z. B. einen Master in Team-Stepps <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink> oder ein Debriefing-Kurs <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>) erw&#228;hnt. Adams et al. <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink> heben hervor, dass der Dozent erprobt in interprofessionellen Fortbildungen ist. Wodurch sich die Erprobung auszeichnet wird nicht n&#228;her erl&#228;utert.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.1.3. Teilnehmende</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.1.3.1. Berufshintergrund</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>In den eingeschlossenen Studien waren (bei berichteten Fallzahlen) 11.273 Angeh&#246;rige aus 19 verschiedenen Gesundheits- und Sozialberufen beteiligt. Am h&#228;ufigsten waren Berufsangeh&#246;rige der Medizin (100&#37;; n&#61;79) und der Pflegeberufe (90&#37;; n&#61;71) beteiligt. Mit Abstand folgen Berufsangeh&#246;rige der Pharmazie (32&#37;; n&#61;25), der Sozialen Arbeit (27&#37;; n&#61;21), der Ergotherapie (23&#37;; n&#61;18) und der Physiotherapie (22&#37;; n&#61;17). In einem Teil der Studien (13&#37;; n&#61;10) sind Verwaltungsmitarbeitende bzw. aus dem Management sowie in einem weiteren Teil der Studien (6&#37;; n&#61;5) Seelsorger beteiligt. Die h&#228;ufigsten Berufsgruppen werden in Tabelle 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="table" /> dargelegt.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>3.2. Prozess </SubHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.2.1. Didaktisch-methodische Umsetzungsentscheidungen</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.2.1.1. Leitung</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Wie unter Kontext beschrieben, werden in ungef&#228;hr der H&#228;lfte der Fortbildungen Ausk&#252;nfte &#252;ber die Dozierenden gegeben. Dabei unterrichtet in den meisten F&#228;llen (43&#37;; n&#61;34) ein interprofessionelles Team. Dieses wird nur in einer Studie nicht n&#228;her hinsichtlich der (beruflichen) Qualifikation beschrieben, setzt sich aber ansonsten i. d. R. aus Berufsangeh&#246;rigen der Medizin und Pflege zusammen und evtl. weiterer wie u. a. Soziale Arbeit (u. a. <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>), Physiotherapie (u. a. <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>) oder Pharmazie (u. a. <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>). Selten sind monoprofessionelle Teams beschrieben (3&#37;; n&#61;2) <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink> und etwas h&#228;ufiger unterrichten auch einzelne Dozierende (10&#37;; n&#61;8) (u. a. <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.2.1.2. Fachinhaltliche Schwerpunkte</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>In den interprofessionellen Fortbildungen werden vor allem von Notfall- und Reanimationstrainings (41&#37;; n&#61;32) in speziellen Fachbereichen im akutstation&#228;ren Setting, wie der Gyn&#228;kologie oder der Intensivmedizin und mit bestehenden Teams berichtet. Diese nutzen selbstentwickelte oder erprobte Programme (u. a. CRM oder TeamStepps) und sollen fachliche und interprofessionelle Kompetenzen zur Verbesserung der Zusammenarbeit und Gesundheitsversorgung trainieren (u. a. <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>). Zum Teil liegt in den Fortbildungen auch der Schwerpunkt auf der Schulung kommunikativer F&#228;higkeiten zur Verbesserung der interprofessionellen Teamarbeit ohne bzw. mit geringem fachinhaltlichem Anteil (9&#37;; n&#61;7) (u. a. <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><Pgraph>Weiterhin setzen sich die interprofessionellen Fortbildungen (28&#37;; n&#61;22) mit der Versorgung spezieller Patient&#42;innengruppen z. B. an Diabetes (u. a. <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>) oder psychiatrisch erkrankte Menschen (u. a. <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>) auseinander. Diese haben einen hohen fachinhaltlichen Schwerpunkt und sind zumeist in der Prim&#228;rversorgung verortet. Ebenso sind hier fachinhaltliche Fortbildungen zu nennen, die verschiedene Berufsrollen und Perspektiven zum Umgang mit spezifischen Medikamenten bzw. Medikamentenmanagement (5&#37;; n&#61;4) fokussieren (u. a. <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>). Die restlichen Fortbildungen adressieren Themen wie Kommunikationstraining mit schwierigen Patient&#42;innen, Patient&#42;innensicherheit sowie selten &#220;berleitungs- und Qualit&#228;tsmanagement (18&#37; n&#61;14) (u. a. <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>). </Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.2.1.3. Eingesetzte Lehrmethoden</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Im Durchschnitt werden in jeder Fortbildung vier verschiedene methodische Zug&#228;nge gew&#228;hlt. Wie unter Kontext beschrieben wird das didaktische Konzept der Fortbildung sehr h&#228;ufig (66&#37;; n&#61;52) durch die Autor&#42;innen entwickelt, jedoch wird nur selten (9&#37;; n&#61;7) die Entwicklung des Programms anhand der Studienziele begr&#252;ndet. Neben Vortr&#228;gen (71&#37;; n&#61;56), die in einer deutlichen Mehrheit der interprofessionellen Fortbildungen zur Wissensvermittlung eingesetzt werden, stehen an zweiter Stelle Gruppendiskussionen (48&#37;; n&#61;38). Zudem werden Simulationen mit Debriefings (49 &#37;; n&#61;39) eingesetzt. Weiterhin finden sich Methoden wie Fallbasiertes Lernen (38&#37;; n&#61;30), Gruppenarbeiten (14&#37;; n&#61;11) und praktische &#220;bungen (25&#37;; n&#61;20). Auch Rollenspiele (16&#37;; n&#61;13), selbstreguliertes Lernen (19&#37;; n&#61; 15) und Lehrfilme (14&#37;; n&#61;11) werden eingesetzt. Seit Anfang der 2020er Jahren werden auch videokonferenzbasierte Formate umgesetzt (u. a. <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline>3.3. Studiendaten</SubHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.3.1. Evaluationsdesign</SubHeadline2><SubHeadline3>3.3.1.1. Studiendesign</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Ungef&#228;hr die H&#228;lfte der Studien (54&#37;; n&#61;43) weist ein quantitatives Studiendesign auf. Die weiteren Studien sind in einem Mixed-Methods-Design (35&#37;; n&#61;28) oder in qualitativen Designs (10&#37;; n&#61;8) angelegt. Dabei haben ein Gro&#223;teil (68&#37;; n&#61;54) mindestens zwei Erhebungszeitpunkte (pre-post-Design) wobei es sich nur in 6 F&#228;llen um randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien handelte <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline3>3.3.1.2. Evaluationsperspektiven</SubHeadline3><Pgraph>Die Studien erheben fast immer die Teilnehmendenperspektive (96&#37;; n&#61;76). Dies kann erfolgen, indem die interprofessionelle Veranstaltung selbst z. B. hinsichtlich der Organisation oder der subjektiv eingesch&#228;tzten Relevanz evaluiert wird (u. a. <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>). Zur Evaluation von interprofessionellen Bildungsoutcomes wird h&#228;ufig auf das &#8211; urspr&#252;nglich von Kirkpatrick stammende &#8211; Modell nach Barr und Kolleg&#42;innnen <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink> verwiesen, dass vier Ebenen unterscheidet: 1: Reaktion; 2a: Ver&#228;nderung von Einstellung&#47;Wahrnehmung; 2b: Erwerb von Wissen und F&#228;higkeiten; 3: Verhaltens&#228;nderung; 4a: &#196;nderung der organisatorischen Praxis und 4b: Nutzen f&#252;r den&#47;die Patient&#42;in. Weiterhin werden &#252;ber die Teilnehmendenperspektive Ver&#228;nderungen in der Einstellung oder Wahrnehmung z. B. zu teambasierten Arbeiten erhoben (u. a. <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>). Ein Gro&#223;teil erforscht ebenso den Erwerb von Wissen und F&#228;higkeiten in dem z. B. Frageb&#246;gen, z. T. vor und nach der Fortbildung (pre-post-Design), z. B. zur erlebten Teamperformanz oder interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation eingesetzt werden (u. a. <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>). Aber es bestehen auch Studiendesigns, die Wissenstests zur Bestimmung des Lernerfolges vor und nach der Veranstaltung einsetzen <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>. Wenige Studien (8&#37;; n&#61;6) erforschen auch &#252;ber die Teilnehmendensicht hinaus, inwieweit es zu Ver&#228;nderungen in der organisatorischen Praxis der Gesundheitsversorgung nach der Fortbildung kommt (u. a. <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>). </Pgraph><Pgraph>Weiterhin werden in einem Teil der Studien (16&#37;; n&#61;13) Perspektiven von professionellen Beobachtenden, insbesondere bei der Durchf&#252;hrung und Einsch&#228;tzung des Lernerfolgs von simulationsbasierten Notfalltrainings (u. a. <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>), und in einer Studie die Aussagen der beteiligten Simulationspersonen <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, bei der Evaluation einbezogen.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Studien, die den Anspruch haben den Nutzen der interprofessionellen Fortbildung f&#252;r die Patient&#42;innen aufzuzeigen (15&#37;; n&#61;12), nutzen i. d. R. die Analyse von Routinedaten und stellen z. B. ver&#228;nderte (verbesserten) Blutwerte von Patient&#42;innen oder die (reduzierte) Anzahl von Notf&#228;llen nach der interprofessionellen Fortbildung dar (u. a. <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>). In einer Studie <TextLink reference="60"></TextLink> wird der Nutzen auch &#252;ber ein Fokusgruppeninterview mit Patient&#42;innen analysiert. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="4. Discussion" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>4. Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The scoping review aimed to produce an international overview of the framework conditions, didactic-methodological decisions and evaluations of interprofessional continuing education programs and to derive didactic implications, particularly for the GSA region. An analysis of the studies revealed that the subject matter of the courses often focused on team-based emergency and resuscitation training in an acute inpatient setting. Also the few studies from the GSA region focused primarily on team training in emergency situations (e.g., <TextLink reference="61"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="62"></TextLink>). This demonstrates the high demand, both internationally and in the GSA region, for interprofessional courses on how to address critical situations in the everyday work of health care professionals <TextLink reference="63"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The majority of the studies focused on evaluating continuing education programs for team-based care of people with specific diseases. These continuing education programs focused on acquiring new knowledge and clarifying the roles and responsibilities of interprofessional teams. An important subject-specific impetus for possible national focal topics for interprofessional courses in the GSA region could come from health care research (including &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;www.aerzteblatt.de&#47;themen&#47;versorgungsforschung">https:&#47;&#47;www.aerzteblatt.de&#47;themen&#47;versorgungsforschung</Hyperlink>&#93;, accessed on 30 April 2025), which addresses the implementation of findings from basic medical research and clinical research in everyday practice. For example, as part of the implementation of the &#8216;health around birth&#8217; action plan <TextLink reference="64"></TextLink>, continuing interprofessional education courses could be developed and offered to strengthen the intersectoral interprofessional cooperation outlined in the program. While simulation-based training courses in emergency scenarios were generally located in acute inpatient settings, events for patients with specific diseases often took place in primary care and outpatient health centres. However, few studies addressed cross-setting issues and transition management that link the individual health care sectors. The small number of studies with a cross-sectoral approach could be because, on one hand, unlike in Germany <TextLink reference="65"></TextLink>, the topic of transition management plays a weaker role in international settings, as established cross-sectoral care concepts exist in the respective national health care systems. On the other hand, it could be because setting- and thus institution-wide interprofessional courses involve a high level of organisational effort and are therefore rarely offered. This factor has already been highlighted as a barrier to interprofessional education in health care professions both internationally <TextLink reference="66"></TextLink> and nationally <TextLink reference="67"></TextLink>. In the GSA region, cross-setting courses should also be designed in the future against the backdrop of changing care requirements and short, acute inpatient stays <TextLink reference="68"></TextLink>. In the future, educational institutions involved in continuing education for health care professionals should work together with health care researchers to design innovative interprofessional education courses, thereby improving patient care.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Notably, a total of 19 different professional groups were identified among the participants in the studies. However, the professional groups most frequently represented among both participants and lecturers were nursing and medicine. This reflects the situation in the GSA region, where these professions have the greatest number of employees in the German health care system (&#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;de.statista.com&#47;statistik&#47;daten&#47;studie&#47;461487&#47;umfrage&#47;beschaeftigte-im-deutschen-gesundheitswesen-nach-arbeitsbereich&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;de.statista.com&#47;statistik&#47;daten&#47;studie&#47;461487&#47;umfrage&#47;beschaeftigte-im-deutschen-gesundheitswesen-nach-arbeitsbereich&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;, accessed on 30 April 2025). However, new concepts should consider the extent to which other health care professionals can be involved in developing the objectives of continuing education, such as those in medical technology professions in the field of diagnostics <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, to address the topics more comprehensively on an interprofessional basis.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The studies contained little information about the pedagogical and didactic qualifications of the lecturers. It can be assumed that the lecturers are primarily qualified on the basis of their occupational expertise. Interprofessional education courses can be particularly challenging from a pedagogical point of view, as there may be prejudices and stereotypes towards other professional groups or reservations about changes, e.g., in the distribution of tasks in the health care system. Lecturers therefore need pedagogical skills that enable them to respond to unpredictable group dynamics and simultaneously create a positive learning environment that facilitates interaction between participants so that creative solutions to problems can be developed <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="69"></TextLink>. Notably, many continuing education courses are led by interprofessional teams, which should also be the goal in the GSA region. This can help participants to better understand the different perspectives and roles of various health care professions and to try out interprofessional collaboration.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The evaluations generally incorporated the perspectives and subjective assessments of the participants. Only rarely were other perspectives, e.g., from observers during simulations, integrated. In some cases, routine data were used as surrogates for better quality of care. This is due to the difficulty of measuring interprofessional collaboration itself and its quality in clinical care, which is difficult and requires a great deal of effort. Studies very rarely systematically survey patients, even though they are the ultimate beneficiaries of interprofessional learning and collaboration. However, incorporating the subjective patient perspective could bring about a change in attitude among health care professionals, as is being promoted, for example, by the Swansea Bay University Health Board and the Patient Experience Network (PEN) (&#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;patientexperiencenetwork.org&#47;resources&#47;case-studies&#47;1793&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;patientexperiencenetwork.org&#47;resources&#47;case-studies&#47;1793&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;, accessed on 30 April 2025) through the use of authentic case histories. Addressing the didactic principle of situation orientation is also in line with recommendations from continuing education regulations in health professions in the GSA region (including <TextLink reference="70"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="71"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline>4.1. Limitations</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This study has several limitations. First, the quality of the studies was not assessed, as the aim of the study was not to evaluate methodology but merely to describe the included literature. Furthermore, not all of the content of the studies was evaluated; instead, the focus was on a few characteristics of interprofessional content that had previously received little attention. With the exception of a sample for quality control, data extraction was carried out by only one person.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="4. Diskussion" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>4. Diskussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Das Scoping Review verfolgte das Ziel, eine internationale &#220;bersichtsarbeit zu Rahmenbedingungen, didaktisch-methodischen Umsetzungsentscheidungen und Evaluationen bei interprofessionellen Fortbildungen anzufertigen und didaktische Implikationen insbesondere f&#252;r den DACH-Raum abzuleiten. Die Analyse der Studien zeigte, dass sich der fachinhaltliche Schwerpunkt der Fortbildungen h&#228;ufig auf teambasierte Notfall- und Reanimationstrainings in einem akutstation&#228;ren Setting bezogen. Auch die wenigen Studien aus dem DACH-Raum fokussierten v. a. Teamtrainings im Rahmen von Notfallsituationen (u. a. <TextLink reference="61"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="62"></TextLink>). Dies zeigt den international, wie im DACH-Raum, hohen Bedarf an interprofessionellen Fortbildungen zur Bew&#228;ltigung kritischer Situationen im Arbeitsalltag der Gesundheitsberufe <TextLink reference="63"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Der weitere Gro&#223;teil der Studien bezog sich auf die Evaluation von Fortbildungen zur teambasierten Versorgung von Menschen mit bestimmten Erkrankungen. In diesen Fortbildungen stand die Aneignung von neuem Wissen und Kl&#228;rung der Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten im interprofessionellen Team im Vordergrund. Wichtige fachinhaltliche Impulse f&#252;r m&#246;gliche nationale Themenschwerpunkte f&#252;r interprofessionelle Fortbildungen im DACH-Raum k&#246;nnten aus der Versorgungsforschung kommen (u. a. &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;www.aerzteblatt.de&#47;themen&#47;versorgungsforschung">https:&#47;&#47;www.aerzteblatt.de&#47;themen&#47;versorgungsforschung</Hyperlink>&#93;, abgerufen am 30.04.2025), die sich mit der Umsetzung von Erkenntnissen der medizinischen Grundlagenforschung und der klinischen Forschung im Alltag besch&#228;ftigt. Beispielsweise k&#246;nnten im Rahmen der Umsetzung des Aktionsplans &#8222;Gesundheit rund um die Geburt&#8220; <TextLink reference="64"></TextLink> berufs&#252;bergreifende Fortbildungen zur St&#228;rkung der im Programm verorteten intersektoralen interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit entwickelt und angeboten werden. W&#228;hrend die simulationsbasierten Fortbildungen im Rahmen von Notfallszenarien i. d. R. im akutstation&#228;ren Setting verortet waren, adressierten die Veranstaltungen zu Patient&#42;innen mit bestimmten Erkrankungen h&#228;ufig die Prim&#228;rversorgung und ambulante Gesundheitszentren. Jedoch wurden kaum Studien mit einer setting&#252;bergreifenden Thematik und &#220;berleitungsmanagement identifiziert, welche die einzelnen Sektoren der Gesundheitsversorgung verbindet. Die geringe Anzahl an Studien mit einem sektoren&#252;bergreifenden Anspruch k&#246;nnte zum einen darauf zur&#252;ckzuf&#252;hren sein, dass die Thematik des &#220;berleitungsmanagements im internationalen Vergleich, anders als in Deutschland <TextLink reference="65"></TextLink>, eine geringere Rolle spielt, da in den jeweiligen nationalen  Gesundheitssystemen etablierte sektoren&#252;bergreifende Versorgungskonzepte existieren. Andererseits k&#246;nnte antizipiert werden, dass Setting- und damit institutions&#252;bergreifende interprofessionelle Fortbildungen mit einem hohen organisatorischen Aufwand verbunden sind und deshalb nur selten angeboten werden. Dies wird bereits f&#252;r die interprofessionelle Ausbildung in den Gesundheitsberufen sowohl international <TextLink reference="66"></TextLink> als auch national <TextLink reference="67"></TextLink> als Barriere interprofessioneller Bildungsangebote hervorgehoben. F&#252;r den DACH-Raum sollten zuk&#252;nftig auch setting&#252;bergreifende Fortbildungen vor dem Hintergrund der sich ver&#228;ndernden Versorgungsanforderungen und kurzen akutstation&#228;ren Aufenthalten konzipiert werden <TextLink reference="68"></TextLink>. Perspektivisch sollten die Bildungsinstitutionen in der Fort- und Weiterbildung der Gesundheitsberufe gemeinsam mit der Versorgungsforschung innovative interprofessionelle Fortbildungen konzipieren und damit die Patient&#42;innenversorgung verbessern. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Positiv ist hervorzuheben, dass bei den Teilnehmenden in den Studien insgesamt 19 unterschiedliche Berufsgruppen identifiziert werden konnten. Jedoch waren, sowohl bei den Teilnehmenden als auch Dozierenden, am h&#228;ufigsten die Berufsgruppen der Pflege und Medizin vertreten. Dies spiegelt insofern die Situation im DACH-Raum wider, in welchem diese Berufe u. a. im deutschen Gesundheitswesen die h&#246;chste Anzahl der Besch&#228;ftigten haben (&#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;de.statista.com&#47;statistik&#47;daten&#47;studie&#47;461487&#47;umfrage&#47;beschaeftigte-im-deutschen-gesundheitswesen-nach-arbeitsbereich&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;de.statista.com&#47;statistik&#47;daten&#47;studie&#47;461487&#47;umfrage&#47;beschaeftigte-im-deutschen-gesundheitswesen-nach-arbeitsbereich&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;, abgerufen am 30.04.2025). Jedoch sollte in Neukonzeptionen reflektiert werden, inwieweit bei der Erarbeitung der Zielstellungen der Fortbildung weitere Berufsangeh&#246;rige des Gesundheitswesens involviert werden k&#246;nnen, wie z. B. der medizinisch-technischen Berufe im Rahmen von Diagnostik <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, um die Themen interprofessionell umfassender zu bearbeiten. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Studien enthielten kaum Angaben zur p&#228;dagogisch-didaktischen Qualifikation der Dozierenden. Zu vermuten ist, dass sich die Dozierenden v.a. &#252;ber die fachliche Expertise qualifizieren. Interprofessionelle Fortbildungen k&#246;nnen p&#228;dagogisch besonders anspruchsvoll sein, da Vorurteile und Stereotypen gegen&#252;ber den anderen Berufsgruppen bestehen k&#246;nnen oder Vorbehalte gegen&#252;ber Ver&#228;nderungen z. B. zur Aufgabenverteilung im Gesundheitswesen bestehen. Die Dozierenden ben&#246;tigen deshalb p&#228;dagogische F&#228;higkeiten, die ihnen erm&#246;glichen auf unvorhersehbaren Gruppendynamiken zu reagieren und gleichzeitig ein positives Lernklima zu schaffen, das Interaktionen zwischen den Teilnehmenden erm&#246;glicht, damit kreative Probleml&#246;sungen erarbeitet werden k&#246;nnen <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="69"></TextLink>. Besonders positiv hervorzuheben ist, dass viele Fortbildungen von interprofessionellen Teams geleitet werden, was auch im DACH-Raum anzustreben w&#228;re. Dies kann die Teilnehmenden unterst&#252;tzen, die unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und Rollen verschiedener Gesundheitsberufe besser nachzuvollziehen und die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit zu erproben. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Evaluationen beziehen i. d. R. die Perspektive und subjektiven Einsch&#228;tzungen der Teilnehmenden ein. Nur selten werden weitere Perspektiven, z. B. von Beobachtenden bei Simulationen, integriert. Zum Teil werden Routinedaten als Surrogat f&#252;r eine bessere Versorgungsqualit&#228;t genutzt. Dies h&#228;ngt mit der Schwierigkeit zusammen, dass die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit selbst und deren Qualit&#228;t in der (klinischen) Versorgung kaum und nur mit sehr hohem Aufwand gemessen werden kann. Dabei werden im Rahmen der Studien sehr selten Patient&#42;innen systematisch befragt, obwohl diese die (letztendlichen) Adressaten des interprofessionellen Lernens und Zusammenarbeit sind. Jedoch k&#246;nnte der Einbezug der subjektiven Patient&#42;innenperspektive eine Haltungs&#228;nderung der Gesundheitsprofessionellen hervorrufen, wie es z. B. vom Swansea Bay University Health Board und des Netzwerks Patient Experience Network (PEN) (&#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;patientexperiencenetwork.org&#47;resources&#47;case-studies&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;patientexperiencenetwork.org&#47;resources&#47;case-studies&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;, abgerufen am 30.04.2025) &#252;ber die Nutzung von authentischen Fallgeschichten vorangetrieben wird. Die Adressierung des didaktischen Prinzips der Situationsorientierung schlie&#223;t auch an Empfehlungen von Weiterbildungsordnungen in den Gesundheitsberufen im DACH-Raum an (u. a. <TextLink reference="70"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="71"></TextLink>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline>4.1. Limitationen</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Diese Studie hat einige Limitationen. Zum einen wurde auf die Bewertung der Studienqualit&#228;t verzichtet, da das Studienziel nicht die methodische Bewertung, sondern lediglich die Beschreibung der eingeschlossenen Literatur beinhaltete. Weiterhin wurden nicht alle Inhalte der Studien ausgewertet, sondern der Fokus bestand auf wenigen, bisher kaum berichteten Merkmalen von interprofessionellen Inhalten. Die Datenextraktion erfolgte zudem mit Ausnahme einer Stichprobe zur Qualit&#228;tskontrolle nur von einer Person.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="5. Conclusions" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>5. Conclusions</MainHeadline><Pgraph>To ensure high-quality continuing education events, lecturers in interprofessional continuing education courses should have teaching qualifications. Continuing education courses should integrate other health professions more consistently and develop cross-setting offerings to respond to future needs. Technical topics could address current priorities in health care research and be carried out across institutions. The patient perspective should be included in the evaluation of such a course and as a didactic tool. The establishment of binding standards for reporting on studies of the development, implementation and evaluation of interprofessional education in the health care sector is desirable. Mandatory standards could also help lecturers reflect more deeply on didactic issues when designing continuing interprofessional education courses. In particular, to aid in the design of programs for promoting interprofessional skills, the standards could specify the methodological requirements for interprofessional learning to distinguish between multiprofessional and interprofessional learning <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="69"></TextLink>.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="5. Schlussfolgerungen" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>5. Schlussfolgerungen</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Um eine hohe Qualit&#228;t der Fortbildungsveranstaltungen zu gew&#228;hrleisten, sollten die Dozierenden in interprofessionellen Fortbildungen p&#228;dagogisch qualifiziert sein. Dabei sollten die Fortbildungen (noch) konsequenter weitere Gesundheitsberufe integrieren und setting&#252;bergreifende Angebote entwickeln, um auf k&#252;nftige Bedarfe reagieren zu k&#246;nnen. Fachliche Themen k&#246;nnten aktuelle Schwerpunkte der Versorgungsforschung adressieren und Institutions&#252;bergreifend durchgef&#252;hrt werden. In die Evaluation solcher Trainings und als didaktische Mittel sollte st&#228;rker als bisher die Patient&#42;innenperspektive eingesetzt werden. W&#252;nschenswert w&#228;ren zudem verbindliche Standards f&#252;r die Berichterstattung von Studien zur Entwicklung, Durchf&#252;hrung und Evaluation interprofessionelle Fortbildungen in Gesundheitsbereich. Verbindliche Standards k&#246;nnten auch dazu beitragen, dass didaktische Fragen im Rahmen der Konzeption interprofessioneller Fortbildungen von den Dozierenden st&#228;rker reflektiert werden k&#246;nnen. Insbesondere bei der Konzeption von Angeboten zur F&#246;rderung interprofessioneller Kompetenzen, Standards k&#246;nnten die methodischen Voraussetzungen interprofessionellen Lernens pr&#228;zisieren, um multiprofessionelles von interprofessionellem Lernen abzugrenzen <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="69"></TextLink>.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Author&#8217;s ORCID" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Author&#8217;s ORCID</MainHeadline><Pgraph>B&#228;rbel Wesselborg: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-8873-919X">0000-0001-8873-919X</Hyperlink>&#93;</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="ORCID der Autorin" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>ORCID der Autorin</MainHeadline><Pgraph>B&#228;rbel Wesselborg: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-8873-919X">0000-0001-8873-919X</Hyperlink>&#93;</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Competing interests" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Interessenkonflikt" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autor&#42;innen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <References linked="yes">
      <Reference refNo="1">
        <RefAuthor>World Health Organisation (WHO)</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education &#38; Collaborative Practice</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>World Health Organisation (WHO). Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education &#38; Collaborative Practice. Geneva: WHO; 2010. Zug&#228;nglich unter&#47;available from: https:&#47;&#47;apps.who.int&#47;iris&#47;rest&#47;bitstreams&#47;66399&#47;retrieve</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;apps.who.int&#47;iris&#47;rest&#47;bitstreams&#47;66399&#47;retrieve</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="2">
        <RefAuthor>Mette M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Baur C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hinrichs J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Oestreicher-Krebs E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Narci&#223; E</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Implementing MIA - Mannheim&#39;s interprofessional training ward: first evaluation results</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2019</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc35</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Mette M, Baur C, Hinrichs J, Oestreicher-Krebs E, Narci&#223; E. Implementing MIA - Mannheim&#39;s interprofessional training ward: first evaluation results. GMS J Med Educ. 2019;36(4):Doc35. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001243</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001243</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="3">
        <RefAuthor>Wesselborg B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hoenen M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Adam-Paffrath R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kuske S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schendel L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gr&#252;newald M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wilm S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Rotthoff T</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional nutrition management - implementation and evaluation of a course for medical and nursing students using research-based learning method</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2019</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc68</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Wesselborg B, Hoenen M, Adam-Paffrath R, Kuske S, Schendel L, Gr&#252;newald M, Wilm S, Rotthoff T. Interprofessional nutrition management - implementation and evaluation of a course for medical and nursing students using research-based learning method. GMS J Med Educ. 2019;36(6):Doc68. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001276</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001276</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="4">
        <RefAuthor>Tauscher A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Stepan H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Todorow H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Rotzoll D</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interteam PERINAT - interprofessional team collaboration in undergraduate midwifery and medical education in the context of obstetric emergencies: Presentation of simulation scenarios and empirical evaluation results</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc20</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Tauscher A, Stepan H, Todorow H, Rotzoll D. Interteam PERINAT - interprofessional team collaboration in undergraduate midwifery and medical education in the context of obstetric emergencies: Presentation of simulation scenarios and empirical evaluation results. GMS J Med Educ. 2023;40(2):Doc20. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001602</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001602</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="5">
        <RefAuthor>Reeves S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Goldman J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gilbert J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tepper J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Silver I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Suter E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Zwarenstein M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>A scoping review to improve conceptual clarity of interprofessional interventions</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2011</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>167-174</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Reeves S, Goldman J, Gilbert J, Tepper J, Silver I, Suter E, Zwarenstein M. A scoping review to improve conceptual clarity of interprofessional interventions. J Interprof Care. 2011;25(3):167-174. DOI: 10.3109&#47;13561820.2010.529960</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3109&#47;13561820.2010.529960</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="6">
        <RefAuthor>Freeth D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Reeves S</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Learning to work together: using the presage, process, product (3P) model to highlight decisions and possibilities</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2004</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>43-56</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Freeth D, Reeves S. Learning to work together: using the presage, process, product (3P) model to highlight decisions and possibilities. J Interprof Care. 2004;18(1):43-56. DOI: 10.1080&#47;13561820310001608221</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;13561820310001608221</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="7">
        <RefAuthor>Barr H</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>An anatomy of continuing interprofessional education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2009</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Contin Educ Health Prof</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>147-150</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Barr H. An anatomy of continuing interprofessional education. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2009;29(3):147-150. DOI: 10.1002&#47;chp.20027</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;chp.20027</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="8">
        <RefAuthor>O&#39;Leary KJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sehgal NL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Terrell G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Williams MV</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interdisciplinary teamwork in hospitals: a review and practical recommendations for improvement</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2012</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Hosp Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>48-54</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>O&#39;Leary KJ, Sehgal NL, Terrell G, Williams MV. Interdisciplinary teamwork in hospitals: a review and practical recommendations for improvement. J Hosp Med. 2012;7(1):48-54. DOI: 10.1002&#47;jhm.970</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;jhm.970</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="9">
        <RefAuthor>Shiyanbola OO</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Randall B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lammers C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hegge</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Karly A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Anderson M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Impact of an Interprofessional Diabetes. Education Model on Patient Health Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2014</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Res Interprof Pract Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>1-18</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Shiyanbola OO, Randall B, Lammers C, Hegge, Karly A, Anderson M. Impact of an Interprofessional Diabetes. Education Model on Patient Health Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study. J Res Interprof Pract Educ. 2014;4(2):1-18. DOI: 10.22230&#47;jripe.2014v4n2a164</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.22230&#47;jripe.2014v4n2a164</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="10">
        <RefAuthor>Capella J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Smith S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Philp A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Putnam T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gilbert C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Fry W</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Harvey E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wrigth A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Henderson K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Baker D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ranson S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Remine S</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Teamwork training improves the clinical care of trauma patients</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Surg Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>439-443</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Capella J, Smith S, Philp A, Putnam T, Gilbert C, Fry W, Harvey E, Wrigth A, Henderson K, Baker D, Ranson S, Remine S. Teamwork training improves the clinical care of trauma patients. J Surg Educ. 2010;67(6):439-443. DOI: 10.1016&#47;j.jsurg.2010.06.006</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1016&#47;j.jsurg.2010.06.006</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="11">
        <RefAuthor>Biggs JB</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>From Theory to Practice: A Cognitive Systems Approach</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>1993</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>High Educ Res Develop</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>73-85</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Biggs JB. From Theory to Practice: A Cognitive Systems Approach. High Educ Res Develop. 1993;12(1):73-85. DOI: 10.1080&#47;0729436930120107</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;0729436930120107</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="12">
        <RefAuthor>Kaap-Fr&#246;hlich S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ulrich G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wershofen B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ahles J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Behrend R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Handgraaf M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Herinek D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mitzkat A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Oberhauser H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Scherer T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schlicker A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Straub C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Waury Eichler R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wesselborg B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Witti M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Huber M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bode SF</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Position paper of the GMA Committee Interprofessional Education in the Health Professions - current status and outlook</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2022</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc17</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Kaap-Fr&#246;hlich S, Ulrich G, Wershofen B, Ahles J, Behrend R, Handgraaf M, Herinek D, Mitzkat A, Oberhauser H, Scherer T, Schlicker A, Straub C, Waury Eichler R, Wesselborg B, Witti M, Huber M, Bode SF. Position paper of the GMA Committee Interprofessional Education in the Health Professions - current status and outlook. GMS J Med Educ. 2022;39(2):Doc17. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001538</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001538</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="13">
        <RefAuthor>Arksey H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>O&#39;Malley L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2005</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Int J Soc Res Method</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>19-32</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Arksey H, O&#39;Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Method. 2005;8(1):19-32. DOI: 10.1080&#47;1364557032000119616</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;1364557032000119616</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="14">
        <RefAuthor>Peters M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Godfrey C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McInerney P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Munn Z</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Trico A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Khalil H</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Chapter 11: Scoping reviews</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2020</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage>406-451</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Peters M, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Trico A, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2020. p.406-451.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="72">
        <RefAuthor>Page MJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McKenzie JE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bossuyt PM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Boutron I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hoffmann TC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Multrow CD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Shamseer L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tetzlaff JM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Akl EA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Brennan SE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Chou R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Glanville J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Grimshaw JM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hr&#243;bjartsson A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lalu MM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Li T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Loder EW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mayo-Wilson E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McDonald S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McGuinness LA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Stewart LA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Thomas J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tricco AC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Welch VA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Whiting P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Moher D</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2021</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMJ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>n71</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Multrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hr&#243;bjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. DOI: 10.1136&#47;bmj.n71</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1136&#47;bmj.n71</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="15">
        <RefAuthor>Peters MDJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Godfrey CM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Khalil H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McInerney P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Parker D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Soares CB</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2015</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Int J Evid Based Healthc</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>141-146</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Peters MDJ, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, McInerney P, Parker D, Soares CB. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):141-146. DOI: 10.1097&#47;XEB.0000000000000050</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;XEB.0000000000000050</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="16">
        <RefAuthor>Pollock D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Davies EL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Peters MDJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tricco AC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Alexander L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McInerney P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Godfrey CM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Khalil H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Munn Z</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Undertaking a scoping review: A practical guide for nursing and midwifery students, clinicians, researchers, and academics</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2021</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Adv Nurs</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>2102-2113</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Pollock D, Davies EL, Peters MDJ, Tricco AC, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, Munn Z. Undertaking a scoping review: A practical guide for nursing and midwifery students, clinicians, researchers, and academics. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(4):2102-2113. DOI: 10.1111&#47;jan.14743</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;jan.14743</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="17">
        <RefAuthor>Mann KV</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Viscount PW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cogdon A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Davidson K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Langille DB</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>MacCara ME</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Multidisciplinary learning in continuing professional education: The heart health Nova Scotia experience</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>1996</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Cont Educ Health Prof</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>50-60</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Mann KV, Viscount PW, Cogdon A, Davidson K, Langille DB, MacCara ME. Multidisciplinary learning in continuing professional education: The heart health Nova Scotia experience. J Cont Educ Health Prof. 1996;16(1):50-60. DOI: 10.1002&#47;CHP.4750160107</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;CHP.4750160107</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="18">
        <RefAuthor>Budin WC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gennaro S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>O&#700;Connor C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Contratti F</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Sustainability of improvements in perinatal teamwork and safety climate</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2014</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Nurs Care Qual</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>363-370</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Budin WC, Gennaro S, O&#700;Connor C, Contratti F. Sustainability of improvements in perinatal teamwork and safety climate. J Nurs Care Qual. 2014;29(4):363-370. DOI: 10.1097&#47;NCQ.0000000000000067</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;NCQ.0000000000000067</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="19">
        <RefAuthor>Boyle DK</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kochinda C</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Enhancing collaborative communication of nurse and physician leadership in two intensive care units</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2004</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Nurs Adm</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>60-70</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Boyle DK, Kochinda C. Enhancing collaborative communication of nurse and physician leadership in two intensive care units. J Nurs Adm. 2004;34(2):60-70. DOI: 10.1097&#47;00005110-200402000-00003</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;00005110-200402000-00003</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="20">
        <RefAuthor>Dushyanthen S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Zamri NI</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Chapman W</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Capurro D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lyons K</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Educational Program to Foster Learning Health Systems: Education Evaluation</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2025</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>JMIR Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>e54152</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Dushyanthen S, Zamri NI, Chapman W, Capurro D, Lyons K. Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Educational Program to Foster Learning Health Systems: Education Evaluation. JMIR Med Educ. 2025;11:e54152. DOI: 10.2196&#47;54152</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.2196&#47;54152</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="21">
        <RefAuthor>Lalloo C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mohabir V</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Campbell F</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sun N</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Klein S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tyrrell J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mesaroli G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ataollahi-Eshqoor S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Osei-Twum J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Stinson J</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Pediatric Project ECHO&#174; for Pain: implementation and mixed methods evaluation of a virtual medical education program to 13support interprofessional pain management in children and youth</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMC Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>71</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Lalloo C, Mohabir V, Campbell F, Sun N, Klein S, Tyrrell J, Mesaroli G, Ataollahi-Eshqoor S, Osei-Twum J, Stinson J. Pediatric Project ECHO&#174; for Pain: implementation and mixed methods evaluation of a virtual medical education program to 13support interprofessional pain management in children and youth. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):71. DOI: 10.1186&#47;s12909-023-04023-8</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1186&#47;s12909-023-04023-8</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="22">
        <RefAuthor>Borghi L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Meyer EC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Vegni E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Oteri R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Almagioni P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lamiani G</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Twelve Years of the Italian Program to Enhance Relational and Communication Skills (PERCS)</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2021</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Int J Environ Res Public Health</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>439</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Borghi L, Meyer EC, Vegni E, Oteri R, Almagioni P, Lamiani G. Twelve Years of the Italian Program to Enhance Relational and Communication Skills (PERCS). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):439. DOI: 10.3390&#47;ijerph18020439</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3390&#47;ijerph18020439</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="23">
        <RefAuthor>Davis P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Clackson J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Henry C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bobyn J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Suveges L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional continuing health education for diabetic patients in an urban underserved community</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2008</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>51-60</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Davis P, Clackson J, Henry C, Bobyn J, Suveges L. Interprofessional continuing health education for diabetic patients in an urban underserved community. J Interprof Care. 2008;22 Suppl 1:51-60. DOI: 10.1080&#47;13561820802013115</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;13561820802013115</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="24">
        <RefAuthor>Dyrstad DN</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Storm M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional simulation to improve patient participation in transitional care</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2017</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Scand J Caring Sci</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>273-284</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Dyrstad DN, Storm M. Interprofessional simulation to improve patient participation in transitional care. Scand J Caring Sci. 2017;31(2):273-284. DOI: 10.1111&#47;scs.12341</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;scs.12341</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="25">
        <RefAuthor>Bosnic-Anticevich SZ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Stuart M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mackson J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cvetkovski B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sainsbury E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Armour C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mavritsakis S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mendrela G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Travers-Mason P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Williamson M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Development and evaluation of an innovative model of inter-professional education focused on asthma medication use</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2014</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMC Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>72</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Bosnic-Anticevich SZ, Stuart M, Mackson J, Cvetkovski B, Sainsbury E, Armour C, Mavritsakis S, Mendrela G, Travers-Mason P, Williamson M. Development and evaluation of an innovative model of inter-professional education focused on asthma medication use. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14:72. DOI: 10.1186&#47;1472-6920-14-72</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1186&#47;1472-6920-14-72</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="26">
        <RefAuthor>Heath OJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cornish PA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Callanan T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Flynn K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Church E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Curran V</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bethune C</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Building Interprofessional Primary Care Capacity in Mental Health Services in Rural Communities in Newfoundland and Labrador: An Innovative Training Model</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2008</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Can J Community Mental Health</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>165-178</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Heath OJ, Cornish PA, Callanan T, Flynn K, Church E, Curran V, Bethune C. Building Interprofessional Primary Care Capacity in Mental Health Services in Rural Communities in Newfoundland and Labrador: An Innovative Training Model. Can J Community Mental Health. 2008;27(2):165-178. DOI: 10.7870&#47;cjcmh-2008-0026</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.7870&#47;cjcmh-2008-0026</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="27">
        <RefAuthor>Newton C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wood V</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Nasmith L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Building capacity for interprofessional practice</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2012</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Clin Teach</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>94-98</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Newton C, Wood V, Nasmith L. Building capacity for interprofessional practice. Clin Teach. 2012; 9(2):94-98. DOI: 10.1111&#47;j.1743-498X.2011.00510.x</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;j.1743-498X.2011.00510.x</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="28">
        <RefAuthor>Owen JA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Brashers VL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Littlewood KE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wright E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Childress RM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Thomas S</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Designing and evaluating an effective theory-based continuing interprofessional education program to improve sepsis care by enhancing healthcare team collaboration</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2014</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>212-217</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Owen JA, Brashers VL, Littlewood KE, Wright E, Childress RM, Thomas S. Designing and evaluating an effective theory-based continuing interprofessional education program to improve sepsis care by enhancing healthcare team collaboration. J Interprof Care. 2014;28(3):212-217. DOI: 10.3109&#47;13561820.2014.890581</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3109&#47;13561820.2014.890581</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="29">
        <RefAuthor>Dorman RJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ciurzynski SM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wakeman DS</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation Simulation</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2022</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Pediatric Surg Nurs</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>82-88</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Dorman RJ, Ciurzynski SM, Wakeman DS. Interprofessional Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation Simulation. J Pediatric Surg Nurs. 2022;11(2):82-88. DOI: 10.1097&#47;JPS.0000000000000340</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;JPS.0000000000000340</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="30">
        <RefAuthor>Allan CK</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Thiagarajan RR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Beke D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Imprescia A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kappus LJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Garden A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hayes G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Laussen PC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bacha E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Weinstock PH</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Simulation-based training delivered directly to the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit engenders preparedness, comfort, and decreased anxiety among multidisciplinary resuscitation teams</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>646-652</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Allan CK, Thiagarajan RR, Beke D, Imprescia A, Kappus LJ, Garden A, Hayes G, Laussen PC, Bacha E, Weinstock PH. Simulation-based training delivered directly to the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit engenders preparedness, comfort, and decreased anxiety among multidisciplinary resuscitation teams. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(3):646-652. DOI: 10.1016&#47;j.jtcvs.2010.04.027</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1016&#47;j.jtcvs.2010.04.027</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="31">
        <RefAuthor>Lutgendorf MA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Spalding C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Drake E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Spence D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Heaton JO</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Morocco KV</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Multidisciplinary In Situ Simulation-Based Training as a Postpartum Hemorrhage Quality Improvement Project</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2017</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Mil Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>e1762-e1766</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Lutgendorf MA, Spalding C, Drake E, Spence D, Heaton JO, Morocco KV. Multidisciplinary In Situ Simulation-Based Training as a Postpartum Hemorrhage Quality Improvement Project. Mil Med. 2017;182(3):e1762-e1766. DOI: 10.7205&#47;MILMED-D-16-00030</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.7205&#47;MILMED-D-16-00030</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="32">
        <RefAuthor>Jonsson K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Brulin C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>H&#228;rgestam M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lindkvist M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hultin M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Do team and task performance improve after training situation awareness&#63; A randomized controlled study of interprofessional intensive care teams</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2021</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>73</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Jonsson K, Brulin C, H&#228;rgestam M, Lindkvist M, Hultin M. Do team and task performance improve after training situation awareness&#63; A randomized controlled study of interprofessional intensive care teams. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):73. DOI: 10.1186&#47;s13049-021-00878-2</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1186&#47;s13049-021-00878-2</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="33">
        <RefAuthor>Izumi SS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Caron D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Guay-B&#233;langer S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Archambault P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Michaels L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Heinlein J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Dorr DA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Totten A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>L&#233;gar&#233; F</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Development and Evaluation of Serious Illness Conversation Training for Interprofessional Primary Care Teams</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Palliat Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>1198-206</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Izumi SS, Caron D, Guay-B&#233;langer S, Archambault P, Michaels L, Heinlein J, Dorr DA, Totten A, L&#233;gar&#233; F. Development and Evaluation of Serious Illness Conversation Training for Interprofessional Primary Care Teams. J Palliat Med. 2023;26(9):1198-206. DOI: 10.1089&#47;jpm.2022.0268</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1089&#47;jpm.2022.0268</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="34">
        <RefAuthor>Freeth D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ayida G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Berridge EJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mackintosh N</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Norris B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sadler C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Strachan A</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Multidisciplinary obstetric simulated emergency scenarios (MOSES): promoting patient safety in obstetrics with teamwork-focused interprofessional simulations</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2009</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Contin Educ Health Prof</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>98-104</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Freeth D, Ayida G, Berridge EJ, Mackintosh N, Norris B, Sadler C, Strachan A. Multidisciplinary obstetric simulated emergency scenarios (MOSES): promoting patient safety in obstetrics with teamwork-focused interprofessional simulations. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2009;29(2):98-104. DOI: 10.1002&#47;chp.20018</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;chp.20018</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="35">
        <RefAuthor>Bolor&#233; S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Fassier T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Guirimand N</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Effect of an interprofessional simulation program on patient safety competencies of healthcare professionals in Switzerland: a before and after study</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Educ Eval Health Prof</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>25</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Bolor&#233; S, Fassier T, Guirimand N. Effect of an interprofessional simulation program on patient safety competencies of healthcare professionals in Switzerland: a before and after study. J Educ Eval Health Prof .2023;20:25. DOI: 10.3352&#47;jeehp.2023.20.25</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3352&#47;jeehp.2023.20.25</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="36">
        <RefAuthor>Jeffs L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Abramovich IA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hayes C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Smith O</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tregunno D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Chan WH</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Reeves S</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Implementing an interprofessional patient safety learning initiative: insights from participants, project leads and steering committee members</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2013</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMJ Qual Saf</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>923-930</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Jeffs L, Abramovich IA, Hayes C, Smith O, Tregunno D, Chan WH, Reeves S. Implementing an interprofessional patient safety learning initiative: insights from participants, project leads and steering committee members. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(11):923-930. DOI: 10.1136&#47;bmjqs-2012-001720</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1136&#47;bmjqs-2012-001720</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="37">
        <RefAuthor>Abulebda K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lutfi R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Whitfill T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Abu-Sultaneh S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Leeper KJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Weinstein E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Auerbach MA</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>A Collaborative In Situ Simulation-based Pediatric Readiness Improvement Program for Community Emergency Departments</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2018</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Acad Emerg Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>177-185</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Abulebda K, Lutfi R, Whitfill T, Abu-Sultaneh S, Leeper KJ, Weinstein E, Auerbach MA. A Collaborative In Situ Simulation-based Pediatric Readiness Improvement Program for Community Emergency Departments. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25(2):177-185. DOI: 10.1111&#47;acem.13329</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;acem.13329</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="38">
        <RefAuthor>Weaver SJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Rosen MA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>DiazGranados D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lazzara EH</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lyons R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Salas E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Knych SA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McKeever M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Adler L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Barker M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>King HB</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Does Teamwork Improve Performance in the Operating Room&#63; A Multilevel Evaluation</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Comm J Qual Patient Saf</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>133-142</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Weaver SJ, Rosen MA, DiazGranados D, Lazzara EH, Lyons R, Salas E, Knych SA, McKeever M, Adler L, Barker M, King HB. Does Teamwork Improve Performance in the Operating Room&#63; A Multilevel Evaluation. J Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2010;36(3):133-142. DOI: 10.1016&#47;S1553-7250(10)36022-3</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1016&#47;S1553-7250(10)36022-3</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="39">
        <RefAuthor>Adams AL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gregory M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wilmer SR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hundt N</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Assessment of an Innovative Medication Adherence Training Exercise in an Interprofessional Training Program</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2018</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Health Interprof Pract</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>eP1152</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Adams AL, Gregory M, Wilmer SR, Hundt N. Assessment of an Innovative Medication Adherence Training Exercise in an Interprofessional Training Program. Health Interprof Pract. 2018;3(3):eP1152. DOI: 10.7710&#47;2159-1253.1152</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.7710&#47;2159-1253.1152</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="40">
        <RefAuthor>Bajnok I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Puddester D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Macdonald CJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Archibald D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kuhl D</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Building positive relationships in healthcare: evaluation of the Teams of Interprofessional Staff interprofessional education program</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2012</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Contemp Nurse</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>76-89</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Bajnok I, Puddester D, Macdonald CJ, Archibald D, Kuhl D. Building positive relationships in healthcare: evaluation of the Teams of Interprofessional Staff interprofessional education program. Contemp Nurse. 2012;42(1):76-89. DOI: 10.5172&#47;conu.2012.42.1.76</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.5172&#47;conu.2012.42.1.76</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="41">
        <RefAuthor>Robben S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Rerry M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>van Nieuwenhuijzen L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>van Achterberg T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Olde Rikkert M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schers H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Heinen M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Melis R</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Impact of interprofessional education on collaborative arttitudes, skills, and behavior among primary care professionals</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2012</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Contin Educ Health Prof</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>196-204</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Robben S, Rerry M, van Nieuwenhuijzen L, van Achterberg T, Olde Rikkert M, Schers H, Heinen M, Melis R. Impact of interprofessional education on collaborative arttitudes, skills, and behavior among primary care professionals. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2012;32(3):196-204. DOI: 10.1002&#47;chp.21145</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;chp.21145</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="42">
        <RefAuthor>Solberg LB</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Solberg LM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Carter CS</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Geriatric care boot cAMP: an interprofessional education program for healthcare professionals</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2015</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Am Geriatr Soc</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>997-1001</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Solberg LB, Solberg LM, Carter CS. Geriatric care boot cAMP: an interprofessional education program for healthcare professionals. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):997-1001. DOI: 10.1111&#47;jgs.13394</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;jgs.13394</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="43">
        <RefAuthor>Steinemann S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Berg B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Skinner A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>DiTulio A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Anzelon K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Terada K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Oliver C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ho HC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Speck C</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>In situ, multidisciplinary, simulation-based teamwork training improves early trauma care</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2011</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Surg Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>472-477</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Steinemann S, Berg B, Skinner A, DiTulio A, Anzelon K, Terada K, Oliver C, Ho HC, Speck C. In situ, multidisciplinary, simulation-based teamwork training improves early trauma care. J Surg Educ. 2011;68(6):472-477. DOI: 10.1016&#47;j.jsurg.2011.05.009</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1016&#47;j.jsurg.2011.05.009</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="44">
        <RefAuthor>Phillips CB</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hall S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Irving M</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Impact of interprofessional education about psychological and medical comorbidities on practitioners&#39; knowledge and collaborative practice: mixed method evaluation of a national program</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMC Health Serv Res</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>465</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Phillips CB, Hall S, Irving M. Impact of interprofessional education about psychological and medical comorbidities on practitioners&#39; knowledge and collaborative practice: mixed method evaluation of a national program. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:465. DOI: 10.1186&#47;s12913-016-1720-z</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1186&#47;s12913-016-1720-z</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="45">
        <RefAuthor>Bullough AS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wagner S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Boland T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Waters TP</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kim K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Adams W</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Obstetric team simulation program challenges</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Clin Anesth</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>564-570</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Bullough AS, Wagner S, Boland T, Waters TP, Kim K, Adams W. Obstetric team simulation program challenges. J Clin Anesth. 2016;35:564-570. DOI: 10.1016&#47;j.jclinane.2016.08.019</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1016&#47;j.jclinane.2016.08.019</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="46">
        <RefAuthor>Barcel&#243; A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cafiero E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>de Boer M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mesa AE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lopez MG</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Jim&#233;nez RA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Medina Holguin E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Meiners M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Moreno Bonfil G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Navarro Ramirez S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>P&#233;rez Flores E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Robles S</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Using collaborative learning to improve diabetes care and outcomes: the VIDA project</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2010</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Prim Care Diabetes</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>145-153</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Barcel&#243; A, Cafiero E, de Boer M, Mesa AE, Lopez MG, Jim&#233;nez RA, Medina Holguin E, Meiners M, Moreno Bonfil G, Navarro Ramirez S, P&#233;rez Flores E, Robles S. Using collaborative learning to improve diabetes care and outcomes: the VIDA project. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010;4(3):145-153. DOI: 10.1016&#47;j.pcd.2010.04.005</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1016&#47;j.pcd.2010.04.005</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="47">
        <RefAuthor>Lee L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Weston WW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hillier LM</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Developing memory clinics in primary care: an evidence-based interprofessional program of continuing professional development</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2013</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Contin Educ Health Prof</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>24-32</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Lee L, Weston WW, Hillier LM. Developing memory clinics in primary care: an evidence-based interprofessional program of continuing professional development. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2013;33(1):24-32. DOI: 10.1002&#47;chp.21163</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;chp.21163</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="48">
        <RefAuthor>Cardarelli R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Elder W</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Weatherford S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Roper KL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>King D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Workman C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Stewart K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kim C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Betz W</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>An examination of the perceived impact of a continuing interprofessional education experience on opiate prescribing practices</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2018</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>556-565</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Cardarelli R, Elder W, Weatherford S, Roper KL, King D, Workman C, Stewart K, Kim C, Betz W. An examination of the perceived impact of a continuing interprofessional education experience on opiate prescribing practices. J Interprof Care. 2018;32(5):556-565. DOI: 10.1080&#47;13561820.2018.1452725</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;13561820.2018.1452725</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="49">
        <RefAuthor>Crofts JF</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bartlett C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ellis D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Winter C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Donald F</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hunt LP</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Draycott TJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Patient-actor perception of care: a comparison of obstetric emergency training using manikins and patient-actors</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2008</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Qual Saf Health Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>20-24</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Crofts JF, Bartlett C, Ellis D, Winter C, Donald F, Hunt LP, Draycott TJ. Patient-actor perception of care: a comparison of obstetric emergency training using manikins and patient-actors. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008;17(1):20-24. DOI: 10.1136&#47;qshc.2006.021873</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1136&#47;qshc.2006.021873</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="50">
        <RefAuthor>Fransen AF</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>van de Ven J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Meri&#233;n AE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>de Wit-Zuurendonk LD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Houterman S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mol BW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Oei SG</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Effect of obstetric team training on team performance and medical technical skills: a randomised controlled trial</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2012</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BJOG</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>1387-1393</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Fransen AF, van de Ven J, Meri&#233;n AE, de Wit-Zuurendonk LD, Houterman S, Mol BW, Oei SG. Effect of obstetric team training on team performance and medical technical skills: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2012;119(11):1387-1393. DOI: 10.1111&#47;j.1471-0528.2012.03436.x</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;j.1471-0528.2012.03436.x</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="51">
        <RefAuthor>Fransen AF</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>van de Ven J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schuit E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>van Tetering A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mol BW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Oei SG</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Simulation-based team training for multi-professional obstetric care teams to improve patient outcome: a multicentre, cluster randomised controlled trial</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2017</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BJOG</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>641-650</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Fransen AF, van de Ven J, Schuit E, van Tetering A, Mol BW, Oei SG. Simulation-based team training for multi-professional obstetric care teams to improve patient outcome: a multicentre, cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2017;124(4):641-650. DOI: 10.1111&#47;1471-0528.14369</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1111&#47;1471-0528.14369</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="52">
        <RefAuthor>Nielsen PE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Goldman MB</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mann S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Shapiro DE</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Marcus RG</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Pratt SD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Greenberg P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>McNamee P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Salisbury M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Birnbach DJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gluck PA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Pearlman MD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>King H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tornberg DN</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sachs BP</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Effects of teamwork training on adverse outcomes and process of care in labor and delivery: a randomized controlled trial</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2007</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Obstet Gynecol</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>48-55</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Nielsen PE, Goldman MB, Mann S, Shapiro DE, Marcus RG, Pratt SD, Greenberg P, McNamee P, Salisbury M, Birnbach DJ, Gluck PA, Pearlman MD, King H, Tornberg DN, Sachs BP. Effects of teamwork training on adverse outcomes and process of care in labor and delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(1):48-55. DOI: 10.1097&#47;01.AOG.0000250900.53126.c2</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;01.AOG.0000250900.53126.c2</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="53">
        <RefAuthor>Ziesmann MT</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Widder S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Park J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kortbeek JB</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Brindley P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hameed M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Paton-Gay JD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Engels PT</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hicks C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tata P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ball CG</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Marshall Gillman L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>S.T.A.R.T.T.: development of a national, multidisciplinary trauma crisis resource management curriculum-results from the pilot course</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2013</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Trauma Acute Care Surg</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>753-758</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Ziesmann MT, Widder S, Park J, Kortbeek JB, Brindley P, Hameed M, Paton-Gay JD, Engels PT, Hicks C, Tata P, Ball CG, Marshall Gillman L. S.T.A.R.T.T.: development of a national, multidisciplinary trauma crisis resource management curriculum-results from the pilot course. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(5):753-758. DOI: 10.1097&#47;TA.0b013e3182a925df</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1097&#47;TA.0b013e3182a925df</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="54">
        <RefAuthor>Barr H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Koppel I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Reeves S</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hammick M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Freeth D</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2005</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Effective Interprofessional Education</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Barr H, Koppel I, Reeves S, Hammick M, Freeth D. Effective Interprofessional Education. Hobokken: Wiley; 2005. DOI: 10.1002&#47;9780470776445</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1002&#47;9780470776445</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="55">
        <RefAuthor>Puskar K</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mitchell AM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Albrecht SA</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Frank LR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kane I</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hagle H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lindsay D</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lee H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Fioravanti M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Talcott KS</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional collaborative practice incorporating training for alcohol and drug use screening for healthcare providers in rural areas</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>542-544</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Puskar K, Mitchell AM, Albrecht SA, Frank LR, Kane I, Hagle H, Lindsay D, Lee H, Fioravanti M, Talcott KS. Interprofessional collaborative practice incorporating training for alcohol and drug use screening for healthcare providers in rural areas. J Interprof Care. 2016;30(4):542-544. DOI: 10.1080&#47;13561820.2016.1178219</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;13561820.2016.1178219</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="56">
        <RefAuthor>Heath O</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Church E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Curran V</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hollett A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Cornish P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Callanan T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bethune C</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Younghusband L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional mental health training in rural primary care: findings from a mixed methods study</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2015</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>195-201</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Heath O, Church E, Curran V, Hollett A, Cornish P, Callanan T, Bethune C, Younghusband L. Interprofessional mental health training in rural primary care: findings from a mixed methods study. J Interprof Care. 2015;29(3):195-201. DOI: 10.3109&#47;13561820.2014.966808</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3109&#47;13561820.2014.966808</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="57">
        <RefAuthor>Howe JL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Penrod JD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gottesman E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Bean A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kramer BJ</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>The rural interdisciplinary team training program: a workforce development workshop to increase geriatrics knowledge and skills for rural providers</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2019</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Gerontol Geriatr Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>3-15</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Howe JL, Penrod JD, Gottesman E, Bean A, Kramer BJ. The rural interdisciplinary team training program: a workforce development workshop to increase geriatrics knowledge and skills for rural providers. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(1):3-15. DOI: 10.1080&#47;02701960.2018.1454917</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1080&#47;02701960.2018.1454917</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="58">
        <RefAuthor>Wittenberg E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ferrell B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Goldsmith J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ragan SL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Paice J</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Assessment of a Statewide Palliative Care Team Training Course: COMFORT Communication for Palliative Care Teams</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Palliat Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>746-752</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Wittenberg E, Ferrell B, Goldsmith J, Ragan SL, Paice J. Assessment of a Statewide Palliative Care Team Training Course: COMFORT Communication for Palliative Care Teams. J Palliat Med. 2016;19(7):746-752. DOI: 10.1089&#47;jpm.2015.0552</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1089&#47;jpm.2015.0552</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="59">
        <RefAuthor>Patterson MD</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Geis GL</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>LeMaster T</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Wears RL</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Impact of multidisciplinary simulation-based training on patient safety in a paediatric emergency department</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2013</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>BMJ Qual Saf</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>383-393</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Patterson MD, Geis GL, LeMaster T, Wears RL. Impact of multidisciplinary simulation-based training on patient safety in a paediatric emergency department. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(5):383-393. DOI: 10.1136&#47;bmjqs-2012-000951</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1136&#47;bmjqs-2012-000951</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="60">
        <RefAuthor>Mecca MC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Thomas JM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Niehoff KM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hyson A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Jeffery SM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sellinger J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Mecca AP</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Van Ness PH</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Fried TR</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Brienza R</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Assessing an Interprofessional Polypharmacy and Deprescribing Educational Intervention for Primary Care Post-graduate Trainees: a Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2019</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Gen Intern Med</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>1220-1227</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Mecca MC, Thomas JM, Niehoff KM, Hyson A, Jeffery SM, Sellinger J, Mecca AP, Van Ness PH, Fried TR, Brienza R. Assessing an Interprofessional Polypharmacy and Deprescribing Educational Intervention for Primary Care Post-graduate Trainees: a Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(7):1220-1227. DOI: 10.1007&#47;s11606-019-04932-9</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1007&#47;s11606-019-04932-9</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="61">
        <RefAuthor>Mileder LP</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Baik-Schneditz N</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Pansy J</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schwaberger B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Raith W</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Avian A</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Schm&#246;lzer GM</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>W&#246;ckinger P</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Pichler G</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Urlesberger B</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Impact of in situ simulation training on quality of postnatal stabilization and resuscitation-a before-and-after, non-controlled quality improvement study</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2024</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Eur J Pediatr</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>4981-4990</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Mileder LP, Baik-Schneditz N, Pansy J, Schwaberger B, Raith W, Avian A, Schm&#246;lzer GM, W&#246;ckinger P, Pichler G, Urlesberger B. Impact of in situ simulation training on quality of postnatal stabilization and resuscitation-a before-and-after, non-controlled quality improvement study. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183(11):4981-4990. DOI: 10.1007&#47;s00431-024-05781-3</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1007&#47;s00431-024-05781-3</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="62">
        <RefAuthor>Flentje M</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Friedrich L</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Eismann H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Koppert W</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Ruschulte H</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Expectations, training and evaluation of intensive care staff to an interprofessional simulation course in Germany - Development of a relevant training concept</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2020</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc9</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Flentje M, Friedrich L, Eismann H, Koppert W, Ruschulte H. Expectations, training and evaluation of intensive care staff to an interprofessional simulation course in Germany - Development of a relevant training concept. GMS J Med Educ. 2020; 37(1):Doc9. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001302</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001302</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="63">
        <RefAuthor>Wesselborg B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Specketer B</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hofer E</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Sch&#252;ssler N</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Riessen R</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Stephan A</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Wie die Implementierung eines Fortbildungskonzepts gelingen kann</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Intensiv</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>21-26</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Wesselborg B, Specketer B, Hofer E, Sch&#252;ssler N, Riessen R, Stephan A. Wie die Implementierung eines Fortbildungskonzepts gelingen kann. Intensiv. 2023;31(01):21-26. DOI: 10.1055&#47;a-1970-7430</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1055&#47;a-1970-7430</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="64">
        <RefAuthor>Bundesministerium f&#252;r Gesundheit (BMG)</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2024</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Aktionsplan der Bundesregierung &#8222;Gesundheit rund um die Geburt&#8220;</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Bundesministerium f&#252;r Gesundheit (BMG). Aktionsplan der Bundesregierung &#8222;Gesundheit rund um die Geburt&#8220;. Berlin: BMG; 2024. Zug&#228;nglich unter&#47;available from: https:&#47;&#47;www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de&#47;fileadmin&#47;Dateien&#47;3&#95;Downloads&#47;A&#47;Aktionsplan&#47;Aktionsplan&#95;Gesundheit&#95;rund&#95;um&#95;die&#95;Geburt.pdf</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de&#47;fileadmin&#47;Dateien&#47;3&#95;Downloads&#47;A&#47;Aktionsplan&#47;Aktionsplan&#95;Gesundheit&#95;rund&#95;um&#95;die&#95;Geburt.pdf</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="65">
        <RefAuthor>Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2018</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Beschluss des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuess zur Gutachten zur Abnahme des Endberichts &#8222;Gutachten zur Weiterentwicklung der Bedarfsplanung i.S.d. &#167;&#167; 99 ff. SGB V zur Sicherung der vertrags&#228;rztlichen Versorgung&#8220;</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss. Beschluss des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuess zur Gutachten zur Abnahme des Endberichts &#8222;Gutachten zur Weiterentwicklung der Bedarfsplanung i.S.d. &#167;&#167; 99 ff. SGB V zur Sicherung der vertrags&#228;rztlichen Versorgung&#8220;. Berlin: Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss; 2018. Zug&#228;nglich unter&#47;available from: https:&#47;&#47;www.g-ba.de&#47;downloads&#47;39-261-3493&#47;2018-09-20&#95;Endbericht-Gutachten-Weiterentwickklung-Bedarfsplanung.pdf</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;www.g-ba.de&#47;downloads&#47;39-261-3493&#47;2018-09-20&#95;Endbericht-Gutachten-Weiterentwickklung-Bedarfsplanung.pdf</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="66">
        <RefAuthor>Hall LW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Zierler BK</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional Education and Practice Guide No. 1: developing faculty to effectively facilitate interprofessional education</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2015</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>J Interprof Care</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>3-7</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Hall LW, Zierler BK. Interprofessional Education and Practice Guide No. 1: developing faculty to effectively facilitate interprofessional education. J Interprof Care. 2015;29(1):3-7. DOI: 10.3109&#47;13561820.2014.937483</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3109&#47;13561820.2014.937483</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="67">
        <RefAuthor>Nock L</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Interprofessional teaching and learning in the health care professions: A qualitative evaluation of the Robert Bosch Foundation&#39;s grant program &#34;Operation Team&#34;</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2016</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>GMS J Med Educ</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>Doc16</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Nock L. Interprofessional teaching and learning in the health care professions: A qualitative evaluation of the Robert Bosch Foundation&#39;s grant program &#34;Operation Team&#34;. GMS J Med Educ. 2016;33(2):Doc16. DOI: 10.3205&#47;zma001015</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.3205&#47;zma001015</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="68">
        <RefAuthor>Grebe I</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Ambulant vor Station&#228;r - der Praxistest</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>CME</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>46</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Grebe I. Ambulant vor Station&#228;r - der Praxistest. CME. 2023;20(9):46. DOI: 10.1007&#47;s11298-023-3302-9</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.1007&#47;s11298-023-3302-9</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="69">
        <RefAuthor>Wesselborg B</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Kooperatives Lernen als didaktischer Ansatz f&#252;r interprofessionelle Ausbildungsangebote in den Gesundheitsberufen</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2021</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Jahrbuch der berufs- und wirtschaftsp&#228;dagogischen Forschung 2021</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage>53-64</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Wesselborg B. Kooperatives Lernen als didaktischer Ansatz f&#252;r interprofessionelle Ausbildungsangebote in den Gesundheitsberufen. In: Wittmann E, Frommberger D, Weyland U, editors. Jahrbuch der berufs- und wirtschaftsp&#228;dagogischen Forschung 2021.  Leverkusen: Verlag Barbara Budrich; 2021. p.53-64. DOI: 10.2307&#47;j.ctv1x676rq.6</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>https:&#47;&#47;doi.org&#47;10.2307&#47;j.ctv1x676rq.6</RefLink>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="70">
        <RefAuthor>&#196;rztekammer Nordrhein</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2022</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Weiterbildungsordnung der &#196;rztekammer Nordrhein vom 16. November 2019 zuletzt ge&#228;ndert durch Beschluss der Kammerversammlung der &#196;rztekammer Nordrhein am 12. M&#228;rz 2022 mit der Richtlinie zur Weiterbildungsordnung vom 1. Juni 2022</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>&#196;rztekammer Nordrhein. Weiterbildungsordnung der &#196;rztekammer Nordrhein vom 16. November 2019 zuletzt ge&#228;ndert durch Beschluss der Kammerversammlung der &#196;rztekammer Nordrhein am 12. M&#228;rz 2022 mit der Richtlinie zur Weiterbildungsordnung vom 1. Juni 2022. D&#252;sseldorf: &#196;rztekammer Nordrhein; 2022.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="71">
        <RefAuthor>Pflegekammer Nordrhein-Westfalen</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle></RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2023</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Weiterbildungsordnung der Pflegekammer Nordrhein-Westfalen. Entwurf vom 24. Oktober 2023</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Pflegekammer Nordrhein-Westfalen. Weiterbildungsordnung der Pflegekammer Nordrhein-Westfalen. Entwurf vom 24. Oktober 2023. D&#252;sseldorf: Pflegekammer Nordrhein-Westfalen; 2023.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
    </References>
    <Media>
      <Tables>
        <Table format="png">
          <MediaNo>1</MediaNo>
          <MediaID language="en">1en</MediaID>
          <MediaID language="de">1de</MediaID>
          <Caption language="en"><Pgraph><Mark1>Table 1: Inclusion and exclusion criteria</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
          <Caption language="de"><Pgraph><Mark1>Tabelle 1: Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
        </Table>
        <Table format="png">
          <MediaNo>2</MediaNo>
          <MediaID language="en">2en</MediaID>
          <MediaID language="de">2de</MediaID>
          <Caption language="en"><Pgraph><Mark1>Table 2: Most common professional groups in continuing interprofessional education</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
          <Caption language="de"><Pgraph><Mark1>Tabelle 2: H&#228;ufigste Berufsgruppen in interprofessionellen Fortbildungen</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
        </Table>
        <NoOfTables>2</NoOfTables>
      </Tables>
      <Figures>
        <Figure width="526" height="553" format="png">
          <MediaNo>1</MediaNo>
          <MediaID language="en">1en</MediaID>
          <MediaID language="de">1de</MediaID>
          <Caption language="en"><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 1: PRISMA flow chart (see &#91;72&#93;)</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
          <Caption language="de"><Pgraph><Mark1>Abbildung 1: PRISMA Flussdiagramm (siehe &#91;72&#93;)</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
        </Figure>
        <Figure width="469" height="253" format="png">
          <MediaNo>2</MediaNo>
          <MediaID language="en">2en</MediaID>
          <MediaID language="de">2de</MediaID>
          <Caption language="en"><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 2: Evaluation categories based on the &#8220;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8221; &#91;6&#93;</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
          <Caption language="de"><Pgraph><Mark1>Abbildung 2: Auswertungskategorien angelehnt an das &#8222;3P model of learning to collaborate&#8220; &#91;6&#93;</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
        </Figure>
        <NoOfPictures>2</NoOfPictures>
      </Figures>
      <InlineFigures>
        <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures>
      </InlineFigures>
      <Attachments>
        <Attachment>
          <MediaNo>1</MediaNo>
          <MediaID mimeType="application/pdf" size="170201" filename="zma001815.a1en.pdf" url="" origFilename="Attachment&#95;1.pdf" language="en">1en</MediaID>
          <MediaID mimeType="application/pdf" size="170566" filename="zma001815.a1de.pdf" url="" origFilename="Anhang&#95;1.pdf" language="de">1de</MediaID>
          <AttachmentTitle language="en">Search strings in the literature databases</AttachmentTitle>
          <AttachmentTitle language="de">Such-Strings in den Literaturdatenbanken</AttachmentTitle>
        </Attachment>
        <NoOfAttachments>1</NoOfAttachments>
      </Attachments>
    </Media>
  </OrigData>
</GmsArticle>