dgkh000614
10.3205/dgkh000614
urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0006140
Review Article
Oral and maxillofacial manifestations of COVID-19
Orale und maxillofaziale Manifestationen bei COVID-19
Palwankar
Palwankar
Pooja
P
Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Santosh Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
author
Palaniappan
Palaniappan
Jaganbabu
J
Department of Dental surgery, Govt Tiruvannamalai Medical College and Hospital, Tamilnadu, India
author
Kuttappan
Kuttappan
Kavitha
K
Department of Dental surgery, Govt Vellore Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
author
Pandey
Pandey
Ruchi
R
Department of Periodontology, Manav Rachna Dental College, SDS, MRIRS, Faridabad, Haryana, India
author
Verma
Verma
Shalu
S
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
author
Bhardwaj
Bhardwaj
Amit
A
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
author
Shunmugavelu
Shunmugavelu
Karthik
K
MD
PSP Medical College Hospital and Research Institute Tambaram Kanchipuram main road, Oragadam Panruti Kanchipuram district Tamilnadu 631604, India. Phone: +91-9789885622/9840023697;Department of Dentistry, PSP medical college hospital and research institute Tambaram Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu, India
drkarthiks1981@gmail.com
author
German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
Düsseldorf
610
COVID-19
oral manifestation
maxillofacial manifestation
COVID-19
orale Manifestation
maxillofaziale Manifestation
20260112
engl
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).
2196-5226
21
GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
GMS Hyg Infect Control
05
Es wird ein Überblick über orale und maxillofaziale Manifestationen im Zusammenhang mit COVID-19 gegeben. Die Symptome reichen von weißen, roten und gemischt entzündeten Schleimhautbereichen, Nekrosen, Schwellungen, Geschwüren, Bläschen, Pusteln, Pigmentierung, depapillierter und zerklüfteter Zunge, Erosion und Blutungen in Ulcera. Zu den Präsymptomen gehören der vollständige Verlust des Geschmacks, ein vermindertes Geschmacksempfinden oder Veränderungen der Geschmackswahrnehmung.
An overview of oral and maxillofacial manifestations associated with COVID-19 is provided. The symptoms range from white, red and mixed inflamed mucosal areas, necrosis, swelling, ulcers, vesicle, bulla, pustule, pigmentation, depapillated and fissured tongue and bleeding in the ulcers. Pre-COVID symptoms included complete loss of taste, along with reduced sense of taste and alterations in the taste perception.
IntroductionDue to the COVID-19, there were also seen some oral and maxillofacial manifestations like white areas, red areas, white and red mixed areas, pigmentation, haemorrhage, necrosis, swelling, vesicle, bulla, pustule, ulcers, pigmentation, fissured tongue, depapillated tongue, inflammation and bleeding in the ulcers and erosion. These disorders are in turn made to verify and detect the patients whether they are infected by COVID-19 . Mostly all the above symptoms were seen in tongue, palate and labial mucosa . The easy and fast spread of COVID-19 is due to SARS-CoV 2. Diagnostic laboratory method included reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for investigating patients infected with sub-acute COVI<![CDATA[D-1</PlainText></TextGroup>9 <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. And mostly the confirmed and suspected patients who were infected with COVID-19 cases were having many manifestations like cutaneous, oral and maxillofacial manifestations <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock name="Overview about oral and maxillofacial manifestations at COVID-19" linked="yes">
<MainHeadline>Overview about oral and maxillofacial manifestations at COVID-19</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The symptoms range from mild inflammation to severe damages like white areas, red areas, white and red mixed areas, inflammation, erosion, pigmentation, swelling, vesicle, bulla, haemorrhage, necrosis, pustule, ulcers, fissured tongue, depapillated tongue, and bleeding in the ulcers <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. The following distinctions can be made: </Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Aphthous ulcer: The ulcers which are formed due to vitamin deficiency and iron in the body and are white in colour are called aphthous ulcers <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Herpetiform: The ulcers that are formed on tongue and are found in bunches are called herpetiform ulcers <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">White lesions: When the thickness and volume increases of keratin layer due to friction or any immunological disorders on the tongue, it forms ulcers which are called white lesions as they are white in colour <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Red lesions: Red lesions are on both the tongue and the palate. The red lesions are also called erythroplasia as they are in red colour and has a velvety texture. These are not found in clusters and are also found on the mouth floor <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Erythema-multiforme like lesions: Due to the excess use of antigens, the mucosa and the skin may cause lesions called Erythema multiforme (EM) <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Angina bullosa like lesions: Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) is a lesion which increase in size and burst and release the blood in the mucosa and epithelial layer and causes pain in the oral cavity <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: The rare disorder that shows its effects on neurons of the upper lip and also develops a fissured tongue with the folds in it and also it causes face swelling and facial paralysis is Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Atypical Sweet syndrome: The syndrome in which the lesions occur in both oral cavity and skin that causes more inflammation and also which is associated with pyrexia is Atypical Sweet syndrome <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Kawasaki like disease: In Kawasaki like disease, main pathognomonic feature includes strawberry tongue with bumpy look and fungiform papillae followed by dryness, peeling, fissuring, haemorrhagic areas, vertical cracking and diffuse changes <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral condition of necrotic category includes necrotizing gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, necrotizin<TextGroup><PlainText>g st</PlainText></TextGroup>omatitis and cancrum oris. In these conditions, common features are necrosis of gingiva, ulcerations seen in the interdental region, followed by osteonecrosis <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Vesicles: A vesicle is a small bullae which may or may not be equal to 1 cm in diameter characterised by elevation and fluid-filled lesion which in turn is covered by epithelium. This fluid accumulation can occur either outside the epithelium called intraepithelial vesicle or below the epithelium called subepithelial vesicle <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Pustules: Common sites of involvement are buccal mucosa, hard palate, vestibule, gingiva, soft palate and lateral borders of tongue in case of multiple pustule occurance <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Mucositis: Most common etiology for mucositis are anthracyclines, alkalytaing agents, mTOR inhibitors, and antimetabolites which might lead to erythematous areas in conjunction with edema and ulcerations <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Petichiae: Hemorrhages which might occur pin-point appearances in sub-cutaneous or sub-mucosal are called petechiae <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Post inflammatory pigmentation: Auto-immune diseases such as oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions, pemphigoid, pemphigus, graft versus host disease, Steven-Johnson syndrome, and sometimes also periodontal disease might lead to oral post-inflammatory pigmentation resulting in change in colour of the oral mucosa <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>.</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Descending order of site of involvement includes tongue which accounts for 38%, followed by 26% of labial mucosa and finally 22% of palate. Above mentioned sites present lesions of Kawasaki-like disease, Erythema-multiforme like lesions, drug eruption, oral mucositis, atypical Sweet syndrome, angular cheilitis, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, angina bullosa-like lesions, necrotizing periodontal disease, aphthous stomatitis, candidiasis, vasculitis and herpetiform lesions. Symptomatic cases accounted for 68% in relation to oral and maxillofacial lesions. The lesions were more noted in males of 51% followed by 49% of females. Severe cases of COVID-19 with oral manifestations were observed in geriatric population. Risk factors included poor oral hygiene, medically compromised conditions, emotional stress, immune compromised conditions, vasculitis, and hyper-inflammatory response <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. The main common symptom seen in most of the patients was related to the taste disorder <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>. Other common symptoms which are seen in COVID-19 patients were alike other viral infections like myalgia, arthralgia, sore throat, cough, fever, headache, excess sputum production and dyspnoea. Oral and maxillofaciallary manifestations might lead to functional disorders resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, tremors, anorexia and diarrhoea <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, followed by dermatological manifestations and neurological dysfunctions <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>. Pre-COVID symptoms included complete loss of taste, along with reduced sense of taste and alterations in the taste perception. Altered sense of taste is mentioned as Dysgeusia, diminished taste sensation is mentioned as Hypogeusia and complete absence of taste is defined as Ageusia <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock name="Conclusion" linked="yes">
<MainHeadline>Conclusion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Due to the lack of immunity, lack of personal hygienic measures and also the less confidence in recovery, the COVID-19 in effected patients was proved to be fatal <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>. As there was COVID-19 in many patients, the symptoms seen were bleeding in the ulcers, angular cheilitis and pressure ulcers and this ultimately raised the disease progression which also caused death to many patients <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>.The most commonly observed intra-oral conditions are dry mouth, appearance of vesiculobullous lesions and alterations in taste perceptions. As there was increase in cases of COVID-19 patients, the oral and maxillofacial manifestations were seen in mostly all the patients and thus, dentists were needed to play their roles in the early diagnosis of the infections caused by the coronavirus <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>. Along with the SARS-CoV-2, it’s new mutants were also found in many patients like Omicron which were changing its infrastructure and were given a shape to the highly contagious virus. So for these kinds of mutants, we need to conduct studies more and more and find the virus and its effects on the oral cavity. The patients who are infected with COVID-19 and the older patients should be first prioritized by the examiners or dental professionals so that there will be timely treatment done so that it increases the quality of the patient’s life <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>. The patients who have serious medical conditions such as diabetes, chronic lung diseases or any heart conditions and also the patients with poor oral health are at high risk for getting infected due to COVID <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>. Although the recovery was seen in the patients with the poor oral conditions, but it took some time for them to recover <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>. The above said oral and maxillofacial manifestations like ulcers and lesions were caused due to COVID and to recover, firstly proper hygienic conditions like oral hygiene have to be followed to improve the health of the patient effected by COVID-19 <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock name="Notes" linked="yes">
<MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Authors’ ORCIDs </SubHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Shunmugavelu K: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-8802">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-8802</Hyperlink></ListItem><ListItem level="1">Bhardwaj A: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2194-6455">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2194-6455</Hyperlink></ListItem><ListItem level="1">Kuttappan K: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1410-3684">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1410-3684</Hyperlink></ListItem><ListItem level="1">Verma S: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4209-7564">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4209-7564</Hyperlink></ListItem><ListItem level="1">Palanaiappan JB: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1767-7741">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1767-7741</Hyperlink></ListItem><ListItem level="1">Palwankar P: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7537-585X">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7537-585X</Hyperlink></ListItem><ListItem level="1">Pandey R: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9667-0778">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9667-0778</Hyperlink></ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><SubHeadline>Funding</SubHeadline><Pgraph>None. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<References linked="yes">
<Reference refNo="1">
<RefAuthor>Ramirez I</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Soares L</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ramos MC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Danziger MFH</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral manifestations detected in COVID-19 patients: an integrative review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Res Soc Develop</RefJournal>
<RefPage>e594101422516</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Ramirez I, Soares L, Ramos MC, Danziger MFH. Oral manifestations detected in COVID-19 patients: an integrative review. Res Soc Develop. 2021;10(14):e594101422516. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22516</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22516</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="2">
<RefAuthor>Iranmanesh B</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Khalili M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Amiri R</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Zartab H</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Aflatoonian M</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Dermatol Ther</RefJournal>
<RefPage>e14578</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, Zartab H, Aflatoonian M. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jan;34(1):e14578. DOI: 10.1111/dth.14578</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14578</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="3">
<RefAuthor>Soares CD</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Souza LL</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>de Carvalho MGF</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Pontes HAR</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Mosqueda-Taylor A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Hernandez-Guerrero JC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>do Nascimento Medeiros SD</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>de Oliveira Sales A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alves FA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Lopes Pinto CA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>de Almeida OP</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2022</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Am J Surg Pathol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>528-36</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Soares CD, Souza LL, de Carvalho MGF, Pontes HAR, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Hernandez-Guerrero JC, do Nascimento Medeiros SD, de Oliveira Sales A, Alves FA, Lopes Pinto CA, de Almeida OP. Oral Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2022 Apr;46(4):528-36. DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001825</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001825</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="4">
<RefAuthor>Halboub E</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Al-Maweri SA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alanazi RH</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Qaid NM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Abdulrab S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Braz Oral Res</RefJournal>
<RefPage>e124</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Alanazi RH, Qaid NM, Abdulrab S. Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e124. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0124</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0124</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="5">
<RefAuthor>La Rosa GRM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Libra M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>De Pasquale R</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ferlito S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Pedullà E</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Association of Viral Infections With Oral Cavity Lesions: Role of SARS-CoV-2 Infection</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Front Med (Lausanne)</RefJournal>
<RefPage>571214</RefPage>
<RefTotal>La Rosa GRM, Libra M, De Pasquale R, Ferlito S, Pedullà E. Association of Viral Infections With Oral Cavity Lesions: Role of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:571214. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.571214</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.571214</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="6">
<RefAuthor>Dalipi ZS</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dragidella F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dragidella DK</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral Manifestations of Exudative Erythema Multiforme in a Patient with COVID-19</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Case Rep Dent</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1148945</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Dalipi ZS, Dragidella F, Dragidella DK. Oral Manifestations of Exudative Erythema Multiforme in a Patient with COVID-19. Case Rep Dent. 2021;2021:1148945. DOI: 10.1155/2021/1148945</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1148945</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="7">
<RefAuthor>Plewa MC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chatterjee K</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle></RefTitle>
<RefYear>2023</RefYear>
<RefBookTitle>Aphthous Stomatitis</RefBookTitle>
<RefPage></RefPage>
<RefTotal>Plewa MC, Chatterjee K. Aphthous Stomatitis. [Updated 2022 Aug 7]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/1</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/1</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="8">
<RefAuthor>Preeti L</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Magesh K</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Rajkumar K</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Karthik R</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Recurrent aphthous stomatitis</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2011</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Oral Maxillofac Pathol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>252-6</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Preeti L, Magesh K, Rajkumar K, Karthik R. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2011 Sep;15(3):252-6. DOI: 10.4103/0973-029X.86669</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.86669</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="9">
<RefAuthor>Mortazavi H</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Safi Y</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Baharvand M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Jafari S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Anbari F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Rahmani S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral White Lesions: An Updated Clinical Diagnostic Decision Tree</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2019</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Dent J (Basel)</RefJournal>
<RefPage>15</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Mortazavi H, Safi Y, Baharvand M, Jafari S, Anbari F, Rahmani S. Oral White Lesions: An Updated Clinical Diagnostic Decision Tree. Dent J (Basel). 2019 Feb;7(1):15. DOI: 10.3390/dj7010015</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3390/dj7010015</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="10">
<RefAuthor>Scully C</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Porter S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>ABC of oral health. Swellings and red, white, and pigmented lesions</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2000</RefYear>
<RefJournal>BMJ</RefJournal>
<RefPage>225-8</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Scully C, Porter S. ABC of oral health. Swellings and red, white, and pigmented lesions. BMJ. 2000 Jul;321(7255):225-8. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7255.225</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7255.225</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="11">
<RefAuthor>Fitzpatrick SG</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Cohen DM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Clark AN</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Ulcerated Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical and Histologic Review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2019</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Head Neck Pathol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>91-102</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, Clark AN. Ulcerated Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical and Histologic Review. Head Neck Pathol. 2019 Mar;13(1):91-102. DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0981-8</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-018-0981-8</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="12">
<RefAuthor>Magri F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chello C</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Pranteda G</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Pranteda G</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Erythema multiforme: Differences between HSV-1 and HSV-2 and management of the disease-A case report and mini review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2019</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Dermatol Ther</RefJournal>
<RefPage>e12847</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Magri F, Chello C, Pranteda G, Pranteda G. Erythema multiforme: Differences between HSV-1 and HSV-2 and management of the disease-A case report and mini review. Dermatol Ther. 2019 May;32(3):e12847. DOI: 10.1111/dth.12847</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12847</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="13">
<RefAuthor>de Risi-Pugliese T</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sbidian E</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ingen-Housz-Oro S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Le Cleach L</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Interventions for erythema multiforme: a systematic review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2019</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>842-9</RefPage>
<RefTotal>de Risi-Pugliese T, Sbidian E, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Le Cleach L. Interventions for erythema multiforme: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019 May;33(5):842-9. DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15447</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15447</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="14">
<RefAuthor>Paulino L</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Hamblin DJ</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Osondu N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Amini R</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Variants of Erythema Multiforme: A Case Report and Literature Review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2018</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Cureus</RefJournal>
<RefPage>e3459</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Paulino L, Hamblin DJ, Osondu N, Amini R. Variants of Erythema Multiforme: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus. 2018 Oct;10(10):e3459. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3459</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3459</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="15">
<RefAuthor>Nayak P</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Gupta S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Pathak VK</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Kalra R</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica in COVID 19: A Diagnostic Conundrum. Case Report and Review of Literature</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2023</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1-7</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Nayak P, Gupta S, Pathak VK, Kalra R. Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica in COVID 19: A Diagnostic Conundrum. Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023 Mar;75(3):1-7. DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-03584-w</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-023-03584-w</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="16">
<RefAuthor>James WD</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Elston DM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Treat JR</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Rosenbach MA</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle></RefTitle>
<RefYear>2024</RefYear>
<RefBookTitle>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</RefBookTitle>
<RefPage></RefPage>
<RefTotal>James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 14th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2024.</RefTotal>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="17">
<RefAuthor>El Maghraoui A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Abouzahir A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Tabache F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Bezza A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Rimani M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ghafir D</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ohayon V</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Archane MI</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Manifestations systémiques du syndrome de Sweet. A propos d'un cas</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2000</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Ann Med Interne (Paris)</RefJournal>
<RefPage>413-6</RefPage>
<RefTotal>El Maghraoui A, Abouzahir A, Tabache F, Bezza A, Rimani M, Ghafir D, Ohayon V, Archane MI. Manifestations systémiques du syndrome de Sweet. A propos d'un cas [Systemic manifestations of Sweet's syndrome: a case report]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2000 Sep;151(5):413-6.</RefTotal>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="18">
<RefAuthor>Femiano F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Gombos F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Scully C</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Sweet's syndrome: recurrent oral ulceration, pyrexia, thrombophlebitis, and cutaneous lesions</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2003</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</RefJournal>
<RefPage>324-7</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Femiano F, Gombos F, Scully C. Sweet's syndrome: recurrent oral ulceration, pyrexia, thrombophlebitis, and cutaneous lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003 Mar;95(3):324-7. DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.4</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2003.4</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="19">
<RefAuthor>Çakan M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Aktay Ayaz N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Keskindemirci G</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Onan SH</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Aköz Saydam F</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>A Case of Kawasaki Disease With Severe Lip and Oral Mucosa Involvement Complicated With Microstomia and Corrected With Surgery</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2018</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Arch Rheumatol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>238-40</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Çakan M, Aktay Ayaz N, Keskindemirci G, Onan SH, Aköz Saydam F. A Case of Kawasaki Disease With Severe Lip and Oral Mucosa Involvement Complicated With Microstomia and Corrected With Surgery. Arch Rheumatol. 2018 Jun;33(2):238-40. DOI: 10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2018.6434</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2018.6434</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="20">
<RefAuthor>Gasner NS</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Brizuela M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Schure RS</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle></RefTitle>
<RefYear>2025</RefYear>
<RefBookTitle>Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases</RefBookTitle>
<RefPage></RefPage>
<RefTotal>Gasner NS, Brizuela M, Schure RS. Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.</RefTotal>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="21">
<RefAuthor>Rimal J</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sumanth KN</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ongole R</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>George T</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chatterjee S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>A rare presentation of oral pemphigus vulgaris as multiple pustules</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2007</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</RefJournal>
<RefPage>541-5</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Rimal J, Sumanth KN, Ongole R, George T, Chatterjee S. A rare presentation of oral pemphigus vulgaris as multiple pustules. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2007;5(4):541-5.</RefTotal>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="22">
<RefAuthor>Bell A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Kasi A</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle></RefTitle>
<RefYear>2023</RefYear>
<RefBookTitle>Oral Mucositis</RefBookTitle>
<RefPage></RefPage>
<RefTotal>Bell A, Kasi A. Oral Mucositis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565848/</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="23">
<RefAuthor>Valer JB</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Curra M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Gabriel AF</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Schmidt TR</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ferreira MBC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Roesler R</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Evangelista JMC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Martins MAT</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Gregianin L</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Martins MD</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral mucositis in childhood cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate: Prevalence, relationship with other toxicities and methotrexate elimination</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Int J Paediatr Dent</RefJournal>
<RefPage>238-46</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Valer JB, Curra M, Gabriel AF, Schmidt TR, Ferreira MBC, Roesler R, Evangelista JMC, Martins MAT, Gregianin L, Martins MD. Oral mucositis in childhood cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate: Prevalence, relationship with other toxicities and methotrexate elimination. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2021 Mar;31(2):238-46. DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12718</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12718</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="24">
<RefAuthor>Barasch A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Peterson DE</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Risk factors for ulcerative oral mucositis in cancer patients: unanswered questions</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2003</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Oral Oncol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>91-100</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Barasch A, Peterson DE. Risk factors for ulcerative oral mucositis in cancer patients: unanswered questions. Oral Oncol. 2003 Feb;39(2):91-100. DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00033-7</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00033-7</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="25">
<RefAuthor>Cabrera VP</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Rodu B</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Differential diagnosis of oral mucosal petechial hemorrhages</RefTitle>
<RefYear>1991</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Compendium</RefJournal>
<RefPage>418, 420, 422 passim</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Cabrera VP, Rodu B. Differential diagnosis of oral mucosal petechial hemorrhages. Compendium. 1991 Jun;12(6):418, 420, 422 passim.</RefTotal>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="26">
<RefAuthor>Murti PR</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Bhonsle RB</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Daftary DK</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Mehta FS</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral lichen planus associated with pigmentation</RefTitle>
<RefYear>1979</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Oral Med</RefJournal>
<RefPage>23-4</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Daftary DK, Mehta FS. Oral lichen planus associated with pigmentation. J Oral Med. 1979;34(1):23-4.</RefTotal>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="27">
<RefAuthor>Sakai T</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sakai H</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Hashimoto N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Hirayasu R</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Gingival pigmentation beneath a metallic crown: light and electron microscopic observations and energy dispersive X-ray analysis</RefTitle>
<RefYear>1988</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Oral Pathol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>409-15</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Sakai T, Sakai H, Hashimoto N, Hirayasu R. Gingival pigmentation beneath a metallic crown: light and electron microscopic observations and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. J Oral Pathol. 1988 Sep;17(8):409-15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01306.x</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01306.x</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="28">
<RefAuthor>Patsakas A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Demetriou N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Angelopoulos A</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Melanin pigmentation and inflammation in human gingiva</RefTitle>
<RefYear>1981</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Periodontol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>701-4</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Patsakas A, Demetriou N, Angelopoulos A. Melanin pigmentation and inflammation in human gingiva. J Periodontol. 1981 Nov;52(11):701-4. DOI: 10.1902/jop.1981.52.11.701</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1981.52.11.701</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="29">
<RefAuthor>Erbaş GS</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Botsali A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Erden N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Arı C</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Taşkın B</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alper S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Vural S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>COVID-19-related oral mucosa lesions among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients: a systematic review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2022</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Int J Dermatol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>20-32</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Erbaş GS, Botsali A, Erden N, Arı C, Taşkın B, Alper S, Vural S. COVID-19-related oral mucosa lesions among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2022 Jan;61(1):20-32. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15889</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15889</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="30">
<RefAuthor>Binmadi NO</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Aljohani S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alsharif MT</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Almazrooa SA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sindi AM</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Their Prevalence and Association with Disease Severity</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2022</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Clin Med</RefJournal>
<RefPage>4461</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Binmadi NO, Aljohani S, Alsharif MT, Almazrooa SA, Sindi AM. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Their Prevalence and Association with Disease Severity. J Clin Med. 2022 Jul;11(15):4461. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154461</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154461</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="31">
<RefAuthor>Dalipi ZS</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dragidella F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dragidella DK</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral Manifestations of Exudative Erythema Multiforme in a Patient with COVID-19</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Case Rep Dent</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1148945</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Dalipi ZS, Dragidella F, Dragidella DK. Oral Manifestations of Exudative Erythema Multiforme in a Patient with COVID-19. Case Rep Dent. 2021;2021:1148945. DOI: 10.1155/2021/1148945</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1148945</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="32">
<RefAuthor>Halboub E</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Al-Maweri SA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alanazi RH</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Qaid NM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Abdulrab S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Braz Oral Res</RefJournal>
<RefPage>e124</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Alanazi RH, Qaid NM, Abdulrab S. Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e124. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0124</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0124</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="33">
<RefAuthor>Mullol J</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alobid I</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Mariño-Sánchez F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Izquierdo-Domínguez A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Marin C</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Klimek L</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Wang DY</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Liu Z</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>The Loss of Smell and Taste in the COVID-19 Outbreak: a Tale of Many Countries</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Curr Allergy Asthma Rep</RefJournal>
<RefPage>61</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Mullol J, Alobid I, Mariño-Sánchez F, Izquierdo-Domínguez A, Marin C, Klimek L, Wang DY, Liu Z. The Loss of Smell and Taste in the COVID-19 Outbreak: a Tale of Many Countries. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020 Aug;20(10):61. DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00961-1</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00961-1</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="34">
<RefAuthor>Mahmoud MM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Abuohashish HM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Khairy DA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Bugshan AS</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Khan AM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Moothedath MM</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Pathogenesis of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients: a scoping review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1114-34</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Mahmoud MM, Abuohashish HM, Khairy DA, Bugshan AS, Khan AM, Moothedath MM. Pathogenesis of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients: a scoping review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Jan;25(2):1114-34. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202101_24683</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202101_24683</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="35">
<RefAuthor>Xu H</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Zhong L</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Deng J</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Peng J</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dan H</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Zeng X</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Li T</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chen Q</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Int J Oral Sci</RefJournal>
<RefPage>8</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T, Chen Q. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020 Feb;12(1):8. DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="36">
<RefAuthor>Lozada-Nur F</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chainani-Wu N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Fortuna G</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sroussi H</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Dysgeusia in COVID-19: Possible Mechanisms and Implications</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol</RefJournal>
<RefPage>344-6</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Lozada-Nur F, Chainani-Wu N, Fortuna G, Sroussi H. Dysgeusia in COVID-19: Possible Mechanisms and Implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020 Sep;130(3):344-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.016</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.016</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="37">
<RefAuthor>Kaye R</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chang CWD</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Kazahaya K</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Brereton J</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Denneny JC 3rd</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>COVID-19 Anosmia Reporting Tool: Initial Findings</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</RefJournal>
<RefPage>132-4</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Kaye R, Chang CWD, Kazahaya K, Brereton J, Denneny JC 3rd. COVID-19 Anosmia Reporting Tool: Initial Findings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jul;163(1):132-4. DOI: 10.1177/0194599820922992</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820922992</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="38">
<RefAuthor>Amorim Dos Santos J</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Normando AGC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Carvalho da Silva RL</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Acevedo AC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>De Luca Canto G</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sugaya N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Santos-Silva AR</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Guerra ENS</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Dent Res</RefJournal>
<RefPage>141-54</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Amorim Dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra ENS. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review. J Dent Res. 2021 Feb;100(2):141-54. DOI: 10.1177/0022034520957289</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520957289</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="39">
<RefAuthor>Ganesan A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Kumar S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Kaur A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Chaudhry K</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Kumar P</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dutt N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Nag VL</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Garg MK</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2022</RefYear>
<RefJournal>J Maxillofac Oral Surg</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1326-35</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Ganesan A, Kumar S, Kaur A, Chaudhry K, Kumar P, Dutt N, Nag VL, Garg MK. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2022 Dec;21(4):1326-35. DOI: 10.1007/s12663-021-01679-x</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-021-01679-x</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="40">
<RefAuthor>Ferreira MD</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>López LZ</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>da Silva FP</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Miléo FC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Bortoluzzi MC</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Dos Santos FA</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>COVID-19 hospitalized patients and oral changes: a case-control study</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2023</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Clin Oral Investig</RefJournal>
<RefPage>4481-91</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Ferreira MD, López LZ, da Silva FP, Miléo FC, Bortoluzzi MC, Dos Santos FA. COVID-19 hospitalized patients and oral changes: a case-control study. Clin Oral Investig. 2023 Aug;27(8):4481-91. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05070-7</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05070-7</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="41">
<RefAuthor>Ahmed S</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Algarni T</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alshareef M</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alhussain A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alrashidi K</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Alahmari S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among patients visiting private university dental hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2023</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Ann Dent Spec</RefJournal>
<RefPage>83-7</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Ahmed S, Algarni T, Alshareef M, Alhussain A, Alrashidi K, Alahmari S. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among patients visiting private university dental hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Dent Spec. 2023;11(1):83-7. DOI: 10.51847/qvnfdOmZPj</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.51847/qvnfdOmZPj</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="42">
<RefAuthor>Botros N</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Iyer P</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Ojcius DM</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Is there an association between oral health and severity of COVID-19 complications?</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2020</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Biomed J</RefJournal>
<RefPage>325-7</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Botros N, Iyer P, Ojcius DM. Is there an association between oral health and severity of COVID-19 complications? Biomed J. 2020 Aug;43(4):325-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.016</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.016</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="43">
<RefAuthor>Kamel AHM</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Basuoni A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Salem ZA</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>AbuBakr N</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>The impact of oral health status on COVID-19 severity, recovery period and C-reactive protein values</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Br Dent J</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1-7</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Kamel AHM, Basuoni A, Salem ZA, AbuBakr N. The impact of oral health status on COVID-19 severity, recovery period and C-reactive protein values. Br Dent J. 2021 Feb 24:1-7. DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-2656-1</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-021-2656-1</RefLink>
</Reference>
<Reference refNo="44">
<RefAuthor>Swain SK</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Debta P</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Sahu A</RefAuthor>
<RefAuthor>Lenka S</RefAuthor>
<RefTitle>Oral cavity manifestations by COVID-19 infections: a review</RefTitle>
<RefYear>2021</RefYear>
<RefJournal>Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg</RefJournal>
<RefPage>1391-7</RefPage>
<RefTotal>Swain SK, Debta P, Sahu A, Lenka S. Oral cavity manifestations by COVID-19 infections: a review. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;7:1391-7. DOI: 10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20212914</RefTotal>
<RefLink>https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20212914</RefLink>
</Reference>
</References>
<Media>
<Tables>
<NoOfTables>0</NoOfTables>
</Tables>
<Figures>
<NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures>
</Figures>
<InlineFigures>
<NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures>
</InlineFigures>
<Attachments>
<NoOfAttachments>0</NoOfAttachments>
</Attachments>
</Media>
</OrigData>
</GmsArticle>]]></plaintext></textgroup></pgraph></textblock></origdata></gmsarticle>