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    <Identifier>zma001818</Identifier>
    <IdentifierDoi>10.3205/zma001818</IdentifierDoi>
    <IdentifierUrn>urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0018185</IdentifierUrn>
    <ArticleType language="en">project report</ArticleType>
    <ArticleType language="de">Projektbericht</ArticleType>
    <TitleGroup>
      <Title language="en">Development of a digital application to train and debrief situational awareness in interprofessional teams: A simulation-based approach to mitigate patient safety hazards with a virtual room of error</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Entwicklung einer digitalen Anwendung zum Training und Debriefing von Situationsbewusstsein in interprofessionellen Teams: Ein simulationsbasierter Ansatz zur Reduktion von Risiken f&#252;r die Patientensicherheit mithilfe eines virtuellen &#8222;Room of Error&#8220;</TitleTranslated>
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        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Spielmann</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Spielmann</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Veronika</Firstname>
          <Initials>V</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">Sonnenbergstr. 14, D-70184 Stuttgart, Germany<Affiliation>Stuttgart, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Sonnenbergstr. 14, 70184 Stuttgart, Deutschland<Affiliation>Stuttgart, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>veronika.spielmann&#64;outlook.com</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="yes" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
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      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Ebinger</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Ebinger</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Margrit</Firstname>
          <Initials>M</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Prof. Dr. med.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>DHBW Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>DHBW Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Email>margrit.ebinger&#64;dhbw-stuttgart.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
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      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Jaki</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Jaki</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Christina</Firstname>
          <Initials>C</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Dr. med.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Klinikum Stuttgart, Simulationszentrum STUPS, Stuttgart, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Klinikum Stuttgart, Simulationszentrum STUPS, Stuttgart, Deutschland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Email>c.jaki&#64;klinikum-stuttgart.de</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
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    <PublisherList>
      <Publisher>
        <Corporation>
          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
      </Publisher>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">patient safety</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">awareness</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">medical errors</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">simulation training</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">software</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Patientensicherheit</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Bewusstsein</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">medizinische Fehler</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Simulationstraining</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Software</Keyword>
      <SectionHeading language="en">patient safety</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Patientensicherheit</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20241118</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20250827</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20250910</DateAccepted>
    <DatePublishedList>
      <DatePublished>20260217</DatePublished>
    </DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
    <License license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
    </License>
    <SourceGroup>
      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>43</Volume>
        <Issue>2</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
      </Journal>
    </SourceGroup>
    <ArticleNo>24</ArticleNo>
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    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph><Mark1>Zielsetzung: </Mark1>Dieses Projekt zwischen der DHBW Stuttgart und dem Simulationszentrum am Klinikum Stuttgart (STUPS) befasste sich mit der folgenden Frage: Wie kann Situationsbewusstsein (SB) in interprofessionellen Teams virtuell trainiert und nachbesprochen werden, um Risiken f&#252;r die Patientensicherheit zu reduzieren&#63; Ziel war es, eine digitale, simulationsbasierte Anwendung f&#252;r das Training und Debriefing von SB in interprofessionellen Teams zu entwickeln.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Methode: </Mark1>Unter Anwendung des Design Science Research (DSR)-Ansatzes wurde eine Softwareanwendung iterativ auf Grundlage von Literatur und unter Einbezug der Zielsetzungen relevanter Stakeholder entwickelt. Diese leiteten die Entwicklung einer prototypischen Version, welche mit einer kleinen Gruppe von interprofessionellen Teams demonstriert und getestet wurde, um die Anwendbarkeit in der Praxis zu bewerten. Das Feedback der Teilnehmer:innen floss anschlie&#223;end in die Weiterentwicklung zur finalen Anwendung ein.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Ergebnisse: </Mark1>Die entstandene webbasierte Anwendung vereint simulationsbasiertes Training und strukturiertes Debriefing auf einer gemeinsamen Plattform f&#252;r Trainer:innen und Teilnehmer:innen. Sie bietet eine virtuelle Umsetzung des Room of Error (ROE) und erm&#246;glicht teambasiertes SB-Training in realit&#228;tsnahen Szenarien mit eingebetteten Gefahren f&#252;r die Patientensicherheit, Gamification und interprofessioneller Zusammenarbeit (IPZ) in Echtzeit. Das strukturierte Debriefing ist in den Ablauf eingebettet und wird durch automatische Tracking- und Auswertungstools unterst&#252;tzt, die Trainer:innen bei der Leistungsbewertung und der Durchf&#252;hrung von Reflexionsgespr&#228;chen unterst&#252;tzen.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Fazit: </Mark1>Die entwickelte Anwendung bietet eine praxisnahe L&#246;sung zum Training und Debriefing von SB in interprofessionellen Teams mittels eines virtuellen ROE. Sie leistet einen Beitrag zur Aus- und Weiterbildung, indem sie erfahrungsbasiertes Lernen mit strukturierter Reflexion verbindet und sich an den globalen Priorit&#228;ten der Patientensicherheit und der medizinischen Bildung orientiert. W&#228;hrend die Umsetzbarkeit bereits demonstriert werden konnte, sind weitere Forschungen erforderlich, um den Einfluss auf SB und IPZ empirisch zu bewerten.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph><Mark1>Objective: </Mark1>This project between DHBW Stuttgart and the simulation center at Klinikum Stuttgart (STUPS) addressed the following question: How can interprofessional teams be virtually trained and debriefed for situational awareness (SA) to mitigate patient safety hazards&#63; The objective was to develop a digital, simulation-based application for both training and debriefing SA in interprofessional teams. </Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Method: </Mark1>Using Design Science Research (DSR), a software application was iteratively developed based on literature and stakeholder-informed objectives. These guided the development of a prototypical version, which was demonstrated and tested with a small group of interprofessional teams to assess real-world applicability. Participant feedback informed subsequent refinement into the fully developed application.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Results: </Mark1>The resulting web-based application combines simulation-based training and structured debriefing on a single platform for trainers and participants. It offers a virtual implementation of the Room of Error (ROE), enabling team-based SA training in near-real scenarios with embedded patient safety hazards, gamification, and real-time interprofessional collaboration (IPC). Structured debriefing is embedded in the workflow and supported by automated tracking and evaluation tools to help trainers assess performance and lead reflective discussions.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Conclusion:</Mark1> The developed application offers a practical solution for training and debriefing SA in interprofessional teams via a virtual ROE. It contributes to education efforts by combining experiential learning with structured reflection, aligning with global patient safety and medical education priorities. While feasibility has been demonstrated, further research is needed to empirically assess its impact on SA and IPC.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock name="1. Introduction" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>1. Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The global imperative to enhance patient safety, driven by significant mortality and financial costs of unsafe care <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, is exemplified in the WHO&#39;s Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030, which envisions &#8220;&#91;a&#93; world in which no one is harmed in health care &#91;&#8230;&#93;&#8221; (<TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> p.8). Many medical errors stem from human factors, particularly in dynamic healthcare settings <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. The shift towards digital methodologies, accelerated by COVID-19, offers new opportunities and challenges for patient safety training. Especially human-centred digital technologies can enhance patient safety by improving information and communication, leading the WHO to recommend applying human factors approach to hardware and software applications <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Given that many errors are rooted in human factors, addressing and mitigating poor practices and medical mistakes is essential for improving patient safety <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Often, these errors stem from inadequate organizational culture and deficiencies in non-technical skills (NTS), rather than a lack of knowledge or technical ability <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. A key NTS is situational awareness (SA), which &#8220;&#91;&#8230;&#93; facilitates clinical reasoning, diagnostic accuracy, and appropriate goal-directed performance, and enables clinicians to immediately adapt treatment strategies in response to changes in clinical situational actualities&#8221; (<TextLink reference="21"></TextLink> p.1). SA is vital for safe medical practice, and its absence often leads to errors <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. Especially in dynamic, complex environments, functioning under time pressure is essential to enhance clinical performance and reduce errors <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. Hence, SA has been emphasized in both conceptual and empirical studies for its role in preventing adverse events, often tied to perceptual errors <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>SA is also integral to interprofessional collaboration (IPC), defined to occur &#8220;&#91;&#8230;&#93; when multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds provide comprehensive services &#91;&#8230;&#93; to deliver the highest quality of care across settings&#8221; (<TextLink reference="31"></TextLink> p.7). For example, research underscores that a team&#8217;s SA is only as strong as its weakest member <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, and studies confirm that IPC and experiential learning improve team dynamics, decision-making, and error reduction <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. While much research has focused on improving individual SA <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, growing evidence supports the integration of team-based training, which significantly impacts patient safety <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Notably, interprofessional learning has been shown to reduce patient mortality <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. A shift towards team-focused interventions is therefore essential.</Pgraph><Pgraph>A validated approach to translate this into practice is training in human factors, which strengthens interpersonal skills, communication, teamwork, and clinical competencies <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>. Research supports team-based interventions to enhance SA and patient safety, emphasizing experiential learning, continuous reflection, and mutual respect <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>. Training-based approaches also align with the WHO&#8217;s objective of integrating patient safety into professional education, emphasizing interprofessional team training <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>. Recent technological advancements have accelerated the adoption of simulation-based education, which allows skill development in a controlled environment and promotes professional growth without risking patient safety <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>. Given its potential to enhance patient safety across healthcare professions, it is predicted to become standard <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>. Studies highlight the benefits of simulation in raising clinical awareness, fostering safe care, and enhancing learning through debriefing <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>. As a central element of simulation-based training, debriefing is critical for improving teamwork, fostering a learning culture, and advancing healthcare quality <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>. By promoting critical reflection and analysis, it is considered fundamental to effective simulation-based education <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>This underscores the synergistic potential of interprofessional, simulation-based training combined with active reflection. Despite its recognized value, the WHO emphasizes that &#8220;&#91;&#8230;&#93; education and training of health care professionals has been underused and undervalued as a vital tool to address the challenges of achieving improved patient safety &#91;&#8230;&#93;&#8221; (<TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> p.49). Prior studies show that the Room of Error (ROE), also known as the Room of Horror, is increasingly applied in healthcare training <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Zimmermann et al. <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink> evaluated it as a low-fidelity SA simulation in 13 Swiss hospitals, where participants detected fewer than half of the embedded hazards &#8211; highlighting limitations in existing SA training. Interprofessional group interactions, however, enhanced error detection, stressing the value of collaborative components. The study confirms the importance of structured debriefing and team-based formats. Addressing physical format limits, Mascarenhas et al. <TextLink reference="60"></TextLink> developed a 3D virtual ROE, which improved accessibility and satisfaction. Yet, their externally developed, individual-focused tool lacked adaptability, team collaboration, and integrated debriefing. These gaps are echoed in a systematic review by Jung et al. <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>These limitations reveal a broader gap: the lack of digital solutions that integrate experiential, team-based learning under realistic conditions with structured debriefing. To address this, the report presents the development of a digital, simulation-based application guided by the research question: How can interprofessional teams be virtually trained and debriefed for SA to mitigate the risk of patient safety hazards&#63; The objective was to develop a simulation-based application for both training and debriefing SA in interprofessional teams. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Using Design Science Research (DSR) as our methodological framework, the software development is detailed. The results show how the application provides a holistic solution by integrating simulation-based training with structured debriefing to promote IPC and SA in realistic scenarios. The report ends with a critical discussion of the findings and a conclusion. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="1. Einleitung" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>1. Einleitung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Der globale Imperativ zur Verbesserung der Patientensicherheit, getrieben durch die signifikanten Sterblichkeitsraten und finanziellen Kosten unsicherer Pflege <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, wird im Globalen Aktionsplan f&#252;r Patientensicherheit 2021-2030 der WHO veranschaulicht, der eine Welt anstrebt, in der &#8222;niemand in der Gesundheitsversorgung zu Schaden kommt &#91;...&#93;&#8220; (<TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> S.8). Viele medizinische Fehler sind auf menschliche Faktoren zur&#252;ckzuf&#252;hren, insbesondere in dynamischen Gesundheitsumgebungen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Die durch die COVID-19-Pandemie beschleunigte Verlagerung hin zu digitalen Methoden er&#246;ffnet neue Chancen und Herausforderungen f&#252;r das Training zur Patientensicherheit. Insbesondere menschenzentrierte digitale Technologien k&#246;nnen die Patientensicherheit verbessern, indem sie Information und Kommunikation optimieren. Daher empfiehlt die WHO, einen menschenzentrierten (Human-Factors-)Ansatz auch auf Hard- und Softwareanwendungen anzuwenden <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Da viele <Mark2>Fehler</Mark2> auf menschliche Faktoren zur&#252;ckzuf&#252;hren sind, ist es f&#252;r die Verbesserungder Patientensicherheit entscheidend, sich mit schlechten Praktiken und medizinischen Fehlern zu befassen und diese zu reduzieren <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. H&#228;ufig entstehen solche Fehler weniger aus fehlendem Wissen oder mangelnder technischer Kompetenz, sondern aus Defiziten in der Organisationskultur und unzureichend ausgepr&#228;gten nicht-technischen F&#228;higkeiten (NTF) <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. Eine wichtige NTF ist das Situationsbewusstsein (SB), das &#8222;&#91;...&#93; die klinische Argumentation, die diagnostische Genauigkeit und eine angemessene zielgerichtete Leistung erleichtert und den Arzt in die Lage versetzt, die Behandlungsstrategien als Reaktion auf Ver&#228;nderungen der klinischen Situation sofort anzupassen&#8220; (<TextLink reference="21"></TextLink> S.1). SB ist f&#252;r eine sichere medizinische Praxis von entscheidender Bedeutung, und ihr Fehlen f&#252;hrt h&#228;ufig zu Fehlern <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. Besonders in dynamischen und komplexen Umfeldern ist die F&#228;higkeit, auch unter Zeitdruck effektiv zu handeln, wesentlich, um die klinische Leistung zu verbessern und Fehler zu reduzieren <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. Daher wird SB in konzeptionellen wie auch in empirischen Studien aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung f&#252;r die Pr&#228;vention unerw&#252;nschter Ereignisse hervorgehoben, die h&#228;ufig mit Wahrnehmungsfehlern in Zusammenhang stehen <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>SB ist auch ein integraler Bestandteil der interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit (IPZ), die definiert wird als &#8222;&#91;...&#93; wenn mehrere Mitarbeiter&#42;innen des Gesundheitswesens mit unterschiedlichem beruflichem Hintergrund umfassende Leistungen erbringen &#91;...&#93;, um in verschiedenen Settings die h&#246;chste Qualit&#228;t der Versorgung zu gew&#228;hrleisten&#8220; (<TextLink reference="31"></TextLink> S.7). Die Forschung unterstreicht beispielsweise, dass das SB eines Teams nur so stark ist wie ihr schw&#228;chstes Mitglied <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, und Studien best&#228;tigen, dass IPZ und erfahrungsbasiertes Lernen die Teamdynamik, die Entscheidungsfindung und die Fehlerreduktion verbessern <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. W&#228;hrend sich ein Gro&#223;teil der Forschung auf die Verbesserung des individuellen SB konzentriert hat <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, mehren sich die Belege f&#252;r die Integration teambasierter Trainings, die einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Patientensicherheit haben <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Insbesondere wurde gezeigt, dass interprofessionelles Lernen Patientensterblichkeit verringert <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. Eine st&#228;rkere Ausrichtung auf teamorientierte Interventionen ist daher unerl&#228;sslich.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Ein validierter Ansatz zur praktischen Umsetzung besteht im <Mark2>Training</Mark2> zu menschenzentrierten Faktoren (Human Factors), das zwischenmenschliche F&#228;higkeiten, Kommunikation, Teamarbeit und klinische Kompetenzen st&#228;rkt <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>. Die Forschung unterst&#252;tzt teambasierte Interventionen zur Verbesserung von SB und Patientensicherheit, wobei erfahrungsbasiertes Lernen, kontinuierliche Reflexion und gegenseitiger Respekt im Mittelpunkt stehen <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>. Trainingsbasierte Ans&#228;tze stehen zudem im Einklang mit dem Ziel der WHO, Patientensicherheit in die Berufsausbildung zu integrieren, wobei interprofessionelles Teamtraining besonders betont wird <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>. J&#252;ngste technologische Fortschritte haben die Einf&#252;hrung <Mark2>simulationsbasierter</Mark2> Trainings beschleunigt, die die Entwicklung von Kompetenzen in einem kontrollierten Umfeld erm&#246;glichen und die berufliche Weiterentwicklung f&#246;rdern, ohne die Patientensicherheit zu gef&#228;hrden <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>. Angesichts ihres Potenzials, die Patientensicherheit in allen Gesundheitsberufen zu st&#228;rken, wird erwartet, dass sie sich als Standard etablieren <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>. Studien heben die Vorteile von Simulationen hervor, insbesondere bei der Sch&#228;rfung des klinischen Bewusstseins, der F&#246;rderung sicherer Versorgung und der Verbesserung des Lernens durch <Mark2>Debriefing</Mark2> <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>. Als zentrales Element simulationsbasierter Trainings ist das Debriefing entscheidend f&#252;r die Verbesserung der Teamarbeit, die F&#246;rderung einer Lernkultur und die Steigerung der Versorgungsqualit&#228;t <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>. Durch die Anregung zu kritischer Reflexion und Analyse gilt es als grundlegende Voraussetzung f&#252;r wirksame simulationsbasierte Ausbildung <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Dies unterstreicht das synergetische Potenzial interprofessioneller, simulationsbasierter Trainings in Kombination mit aktiver Reflexion. Trotz ihres anerkannten Wertes betont die WHO, dass &#8222;&#91;&#8230;&#93; die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Fachkr&#228;ften im Gesundheitswesen bislang zu wenig genutzt und als wesentliches Instrument zur Bew&#228;ltigung der Herausforderungen einer verbesserten Patientensicherheit untersch&#228;tzt wurde &#91;&#8230;&#93;&#8220; (<TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, S.49). Fr&#252;here Studien zeigen, dass der Room of Error (ROE), auch bekannt als Room of Horror, zunehmend in der Ausbildung im Gesundheitswesen eingesetzt wird <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Zimmermann et al. <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink> bewerteten ihn als Low-Fidelity-SB-Simulation in 13 Schweizer Spit&#228;lern, bei der die Teilnehmer&#42;innen weniger als die H&#228;lfte der eingebetteten Risiken erkannten &#8211; ein Hinweis auf die Grenzen bestehender SB-Trainings. Interprofessionelle Gruppeninteraktionen verbesserten jedoch die Fehlererkennung und unterstreichen damit den Wert kollaborativer Elemente. Die Studie best&#228;tigt die Bedeutung strukturierter Debriefings und teambasierter Formate. Um die Grenzen physischer Formate zu &#252;berwinden, entwickelten Mascarenhas et al. <TextLink reference="60"></TextLink> eine virtuelle 3D-Version des ROE, die Zug&#228;nglichkeit und Zufriedenheit verbesserte. Ihr extern entwickeltes, individuell ausgerichtetes Tool wies jedoch Einschr&#228;nkungen hinsichtlich Anpassungsf&#228;higkeit, Teaminteraktion und integriertem Debriefing auf. Diese Defizite werden auch in einer systematischen &#220;bersichtsarbeit von Jung et al. hervorgehoben <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Diese Einschr&#228;nkungen verdeutlichen eine umfassendere L&#252;cke: den Mangel an digitalen L&#246;sungen, die erfahrungsbasiertes, teambasiertes Lernen unter realistischen Bedingungen mit einem strukturiertem Debriefing verbinden. Um hier Abhilfe zu schaffen, stellt dieser Bericht die Entwicklung einer digitalen, simulationsbasierten Anwendung vor, die sich an der <Mark2>Forschungsfrage</Mark2> orientiert: Wie kann SB in interprofessionellen Teams virtuell trainiert und nachbesprochen werden, um Risiken f&#252;r die Patientensicherheit zu reduzieren&#63; Ziel war die Entwicklung einer simulationsbasierten Anwendung f&#252;r das Training und Debriefing von SB in interprofessionellen Teams.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Unter Verwendung von Design Science Research (DSR) als methodologischer Rahmen wird die Softwareentwicklung detailliert beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie die Anwendung eine ganzheitliche L&#246;sung bietet, indem sie simulationsbasiertes Training mit strukturiertem Debriefing integriert, um IPZ und SB in realistischen Szenarien zu f&#246;rdern. Der Bericht endet mit einer kritischen Diskussion der Ergebnisse und einer abschlie&#223;enden Schlussfolgerung. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="2. Methodology" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>2. Methodology</MainHeadline><Pgraph>To address the research question, we employed DSR: a methodology from information systems research focused on developing and evaluating technology-based artifacts to solve real-world challenges <TextLink reference="61"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="62"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="63"></TextLink>. Our artifact is a simulation-based application enabling interprofessional teams to be virtually trained and debriefed in SA to help mitigate patient safety hazards in a ROE setting. DSR aligns with WHO principles for designing safe, resilient patient safety systems by integrating human factors, multidisciplinary collaboration, and the sociotechnical environment <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>We followed the six-step model proposed by Peffers et al. (<TextLink reference="63"></TextLink> p.54) (see figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure" />), which provides a structured and iterative approach to DSR: </Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Problem identification and motivation: The project is motivated by the high incidence of preventable medical errors and the lack of a comprehensive solution for training and debriefing SA in interprofessional teams.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Definition of objectives for a solution: Based on literature and stakeholder input, we defined objectives for a solution supporting both SA training and debriefing in interprofessional teams (see chapter 3).</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">Design and development: We developed a digital application that simulates realistic clinical scenarios with a virtual ROE and facilitates team-based SA training and integrated debriefing. A first prototypical version was iteratively refined based on user feedback, resulting in the second version presented in this report (see chapter 4).</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">Demonstration: The prototypical application was tested in a session with interprofessional teams composed of final-year medical, health and nursing sciences students.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="5" numString="5.">Evaluation: Feedback from the demonstration was collected and analysed. Insights informed the refinement into the second version of the application. </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="6" numString="6.">Communication: This report presents the DSR results for dissemination among educators, researchers, and other stakeholders to support adoption and further research.</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="2. Methodik" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>2. Methodik</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage setzten wir DSR ein: eine Methodik aus der Informationssystemforschung, die auf die Entwicklung und Evaluierung technologiebasierter Artefakte zur L&#246;sung praxisrelevanter Herausforderungen ausgerichtet ist <TextLink reference="61"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="62"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="63"></TextLink>. Bei unserem Artefakt handelt es sich um eine simulationsbasierte Anwendung, mit der interprofessionelle Teams in einer virtuellen ROE-Umgebung zu SB trainiert und anschlie&#223;end nachbesprochen werden k&#246;nnen, um Gef&#228;hrdungen der Patientensicherheit zu mindern. DSR steht im Einklang mit den WHO-Grunds&#228;tzen f&#252;r die Entwicklung sicherer, widerstandsf&#228;higer Patientensicherheitssysteme, indem menschliche Faktoren, multidisziplin&#228;re Zusammenarbeit und das soziotechnische Umfeld integriert werden <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Wir folgten dem von Peffers et al. (<TextLink reference="63"></TextLink> S.5)&#93; vorgeschlagenen sechsstufigen Modell (siehe Abbildung 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure" />), das einen strukturierten und iterativen Ansatz f&#252;r DSR bietet: </Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Problemstellung und Motivation: Das Projekt ist motiviert durch die hohe Inzidenz vermeidbarer medizinischer Fehler und das Fehlen einer umfassenden L&#246;sung f&#252;r das Training und Debriefing von SB in interprofessionellen Teams.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Definition der Ziele f&#252;r eine L&#246;sung: Auf Grundlage der Literatur und des Inputs der Stakeholder haben wir Ziele f&#252;r eine L&#246;sung definiert, die sowohl das Training von SB als auch das Debriefing in interprofessionellen Teams unterst&#252;tzt (siehe Kapitel 3).</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">Entwurf und Entwicklung: Wir entwickelten eine digitale Anwendung, die realistische klinische Szenarien mit einem virtuellen ROE simuliert und teambasiertes SB-Training und integriertes Debriefing erm&#246;glicht. Eine erste prototypische Version wurde auf Basis von Nutzerfeedback iterativ verbessert, woraus die in diesem Bericht vorgestellte zweite Version hervorging (siehe Kapitel 4).</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">Demonstration: Die prototypische Anwendung wurde in einer Sitzung mit interprofessionellen Teams erprobt, bestehend aus Medizinstudierenden im letzten Studienjahr sowie aus Studierenden der Gesundheits- und Pflegewissenschaften.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="5" numString="5.">Auswertung: Das Feedback aus der Demonstration wurde gesammelt und analysiert. Die Erkenntnisse flossen in die Weiterentwicklung zur zweiten Version der Anwendung ein.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="6" numString="6.">Kommunikation: In diesem Bericht werden die DSR-Ergebnisse vorgestellt, um ihre Verbreitung unter Lehrkr&#228;ften, Forschenden und weiteren Interessengruppen zu f&#246;rdern und die Einf&#252;hrung sowie weiterf&#252;hrende Forschung zu unterst&#252;tzen.</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="3. Development of a digital, simulation-based application" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>3. Development of a digital, simulation-based application</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The application was developed in a collaborative project between the Cooperative State University (DHBW) Stuttgart <TextLink reference="64"></TextLink> and the simulation center at the Klinikum Stuttgart (STUPS) <TextLink reference="65"></TextLink>. STUPS offers simulation training focused on patient safety and operates a physical ROE (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 1), where participants identify patient safety hazards in a simulated clinical setting <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>. Early efforts to digitize the format - using a digital picture board in classroom settings &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;padlet.com&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;padlet.com&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93; (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 2) and video conferencing for debriefing - provided STUPS with practical insights into the benefits (e.g., improved accessibility, reusability, and preparation efficiency) and limitations of digital solutions, particularly in group composition, IPC, error tracking, and structured debriefing. These experiences shaped initial development needs, further refined through discussions with instructors, participants, and stakeholders. In line with DSR Step 2, these needs were translated into concrete development objectives (see table 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" />) to guide the creation of a digital, simulation-based application for training and debriefing SA in interprofessional teams.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The defined objectives reflect key functional and pedagogical requirements. A core goal was to create a realistic virtual training scene replicating a hazard-embedded patient room, aligned with the German Patient Safety Initiative&#8217;s competency catalogue and the Swiss Patient Safety Foundation&#8217;s<Mark2> Interactive Learning in the Room of Horrors</Mark2> guide <TextLink reference="66"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Within this scene, the high-pressure conditions of daily clinical work &#8211; requiring participants to operate under time constraints and accurately identify patient safety hazards &#8211; were to be simulated through gamification elements. To support IPC, a goal was to accommodate 30-40 participants, grouped into interprofessional teams of about five. These teams were to enter the virtual ROE simultaneously but operate independently, documenting identified hazards in a digital notebook shared within each team. To address the lack of integrated solutions combining training and debriefing, the main objective was to embed debriefing as an integral part of the training process. Accordingly, the application was aimed to support instructor-led debriefing with structured access to each team&#8217;s documentation, enabling review of identified hazards, discussion of solutions, and recognition of high-performing teams. Additional goals included scalability for varied use cases and high usability by avoiding specialized equipment (e.g., VR&#47;AR), ensuring low-threshold implementation without sacrificing realism. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Following DSR, these objectives guided the web-based software development (step 3). The prototype was demonstrated (step 4) in a competitive classroom challenge, outperforming four other solutions, and subsequently tested to assess the justification for further development into a fully functional application.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="3. Entwicklung einer digitalen, simulationsbasierten Anwendung" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>3. Entwicklung einer digitalen, simulationsbasierten Anwendung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Anwendung wurde im Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts zwischen der Dualen Hochschule Baden-W&#252;rttemberg (DHBW) Stuttgart <TextLink reference="64"></TextLink> und dem Simulationszentrum STUPS am Klinikum Stuttgart <TextLink reference="65"></TextLink> entwickelt. STUPS bietet simulationsbasiertes Training mit Fokus auf Patientensicherheit an und betreibt einen physischen ROE. (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 1), in dem Teilnehmer&#42;innen Patientensicherheitsrisiken in einem simulierten klinischen Umfeld identifizieren <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>. Erste Ans&#228;tze zur Digitalisierung des Formats &#8211; unter Verwendung einer digitalen Bildtafel in Lehrveranstaltungen &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;padlet.com&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;padlet.com&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93; (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 2) sowie Videokonferenzen zum Debriefing &#8211; erm&#246;glichten STUPS praxisorientierte Erkenntnisse &#252;ber die Potenziale (z. B. verbesserte Zug&#228;nglichkeit, Wiederverwendbarkeit und Effizienz der Vorbereitung) sowie die Grenzen digitaler L&#246;sungen, insbesondere in Bezug auf Gruppenzusammensetzung, IPZ, Fehlertracking und strukturiertem Debriefing. Diese Erfahrungen bildeten die Grundlage f&#252;r die initialen Entwicklungsanforderungen, die in weiteren Diskussionen mit Trainer&#42;innen, Teilnehmer&#42;innen und weiteren Stakeholdern pr&#228;zisiert wurden. In &#220;bereinstimmung mit Schritt 2 von DSR wurden diese Anforderungen in konkrete Ziele f&#252;r die Anwendungsentwicklung &#252;berf&#252;hrt (siehe Tabelle 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" />), die als Grundlage f&#252;r die Erstellung einer digitalen, simulationsbasierten Anwendung zum Training und Debriefing von SB in interprofessionellen Teams dienten.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die definierten Ziele spiegeln zentrale funktionale und didaktische Anforderungen wider. Ein Kernziel bestand darin, eine realistische virtuelle Trainingsumgebung zu schaffen, die ein Patientenzimmer mit eingebetteten Gef&#228;hrdungen f&#252;r die Patientensicherheit nachbildet und sowohl mit dem Kompetenzkatalog des Aktionsb&#252;ndnisses Patientensicherheit (APS e.V.) als auch mit dem Leitfaden <Mark2>Interactive Learning in the Room of Horrors</Mark2> der Stiftung Patientensicherheit Schweiz abgestimmt ist <TextLink reference="66"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Innerhalb dieser virtuellen Umgebung sollten die Hochdruckbedingungen des klinischen Arbeitsalltags &#8211; in denen Teilnehmer&#42;innen unter Zeitdruck agieren und Patientensicherheitsrisiken pr&#228;zise identifizieren m&#252;ssen &#8211; durch Gamification-Elemente simuliert werden. Zur F&#246;rderung der IPZ ist vorgesehen, 30-40 Teilnehmer&#42;innen aufzunehmen, die in interprofessionellen Teams von jeweils etwa f&#252;nf Personen zusammenarbeiten. Diese Teams betreten den virtuellen ROE gleichzeitig, agieren jedoch unabh&#228;ngig voneinander und dokumentieren die identifizierten Gef&#228;hrdungen in einem digitalen, teamintern geteilten Notizbuch. Um dem bisherigen Fehlen ganzheitlicher digitaler L&#246;sungen entgegenzuwirken, die Training und Debriefing innerhalb einer einzigen Anwendung vereinen, bestand ein zentrales Ziel darin, das Debriefing als integralen Bestandteil des Trainingsprozesses zu gestalten. Dementsprechend unterst&#252;tzt die Anwendung durch Trainer&#42;innen geleitetes Debriefing, indem sie einen strukturierten Zugriff auf die Dokumentationen der einzelnen Teams erm&#246;glicht. Dadurch sollten identifizierte Gef&#228;hrdungen &#252;berpr&#252;ft, L&#246;sungsans&#228;tze diskutiert und leistungsstarke Teams ausgezeichnet werden k&#246;nnen. Weitere Ziele umfassten die Skalierbarkeit f&#252;r unterschiedliche Einsatzszenarien sowie eine hohe Benutzerfreundlichkeit durch den Verzicht auf spezialisierte Ausstattung (z. B. VR&#47;AR), um niedrigschwelligen Einsatz bei gleichzeitiger Wahrung der Realit&#228;tsn&#228;he sicherzustellen. Gem&#228;&#223; DSR wurden diese Ziele bei der Entwicklung der webbasierten Software ber&#252;cksichtigt (Schritt 3). Der Prototyp wurde im Rahmen einer studieninternen Entwicklungschallenge vorgestellt (Schritt 4), bei der die hier beschriebene L&#246;sung vier andere Ans&#228;tze &#252;bertraf und anschlie&#223;end mehrfach getestet wurde, um die Weiterentwicklung zu einer voll funktionsf&#228;higen Anwendung zu begr&#252;nden.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="4. Results" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>4. Results</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>4.1. Piloting the prototypical application</SubHeadline><Pgraph>An evaluation tested the prototype&#8217;s real-world applicability, user experience, and development potential. It was conducted during a training session with five final-year medical students and nine Health and Nursing Science students (n&#61;14), organized into three interprofessional teams. The design followed the Kirkpatrick model, which evaluates training across four levels: reaction, learning, behaviour, and results <TextLink reference="67"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="68"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="69"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="70"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="71"></TextLink>. To operationalize these, a post-training survey combined Likert-scale items on perceived learning, relevance, difficulty, and interprofessional exchange with open-ended prompts on key experiences, memorable errors, and overall impressions (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendices 3 and 4).</Pgraph><Pgraph>The results (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 5) indicate that the prototype was well received and met its exploratory aims. All participants reported benefiting from interprofessional exchange, and 86&#37; found the embedded hazards relevant to their professional context. Over two-thirds strongly agreed the training was educational, and most would recommend the format. Qualitative responses supported these findings, emphasizing the value of teamwork under time pressure and the importance of discussing patient safety from multiple perspectives. Several participants endorsed continued development and offered constructive suggestions. Overall, the evaluation confirmed the prototype&#8217;s viability and justified further development. Insights gained directly informed subsequent development and contributed to the refined application presented in the next section.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>4.2. Developed digital, simulation-based application </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Building on insights from the pilot testing of the prototype, the application was refined into a fully functional, web-based platform. This section presents the final version: a simulation-based application designed to train interprofessional teams in SA, integrating a realistic virtual environment, collaborative tools, performance analytics, and structured debriefing.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.1. User-centric design</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>The application features a platform-based design tailored to two user groups: trainers and participants (see figure 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />). For <Mark2>trainers</Mark2>, the platform serves as a centralized hub for planning and conducting training sessions and debriefings. Trainers register, access virtual scenarios, and use the dashboard to create and schedule simulations (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 6). They assign participants to groups, either automatically or manually, via a unique registration code shared by email or QR code. This simplifies coordination, supports digital collaboration and reduces administrative effort.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark2>Participants</Mark2> register, create profiles (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 7), and use the code to enrol in sessions, with automated assignment into an interprofessional team visible in their profiles (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 8). Participants enter a virtual waiting room, receive a briefing, and engage in the training session, concluding by set time or team decision (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 9). The application assumes a video-conference setup for communication, using external interfaces for sharing registration codes and debriefing results. Verbal communication during training is crucial, and trainers initiate post-training debriefings with a single click (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 10), allowing for step-by-step analysis and evaluation.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.2. Virtual training scene and gaming character</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>The application simulates the ROE using 360-degree, high-resolution images. Participants enter a dynamic scene with team members, a central timer, and interactive elements like a notebook and patient file (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 11). The room features 13 errors linked to patient safety hazards (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 12). Grey-shaded interactive elements allow detailed examination, such as the patient&#8217;s side table (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 13). Selecting an element triggers a pop-up for participants to describe hazards, with inputs recorded in the notebook. The simulation mimics a high-pressure environment, with a red-flashing countdown in the final minute to heighten stress.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.3. Interprofessional teams and interactive collaboration</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>The application supports scalable IPC, accommodating many participants across multiple teams. Trainers can assign participants via the dashboard, using automatic or manual team assignment into professional teams with a drag-and-drop interface (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 14, 15). This ensures an optimal professional mix and reduces trainers&#39; administrative burden. Participants can immediately see their assigned teams, including names and backgrounds (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 8). Collaboration is further supported by a shared digital notebook for documenting and discussing errors (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 16), with notifications for real-time collaboration. All in all, interprofessional teams are central to the ROE, enabling realistic collaboration and richer hazard detection across professional boundaries (see figure 3 <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure" />).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.4. Analytics and evaluation</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>The application monitors two key metrics: the time teams spend in the simulation and their performance in identifying and documenting errors. These metrics are vital for debriefing, fostering interprofessional dialogue, and helping trainers to discuss errors that may have gone unnoticed, evaluate outcomes and recognize top teams. By automatically tracking errors identified by each group and linking them to specific teams, the application enables transparent performance monitoring. Additionally, all results are stored systematically, allowing for long-term analysis to continuously enhance training and explore how risks are perceived across professional groups.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.5. Debriefing</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>After the training session, debriefing is launched via the trainer&#8217;s dashboard (see attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, appendix 10). The process is structured around the DASH framework <TextLink reference="72"></TextLink> and enriched by PEARLS strategies <TextLink reference="73"></TextLink> to foster psychological safety and guide reflection across three phases: reaction, analysis, and transfer. The application supports the analysis phase through a structured review of team responses, model solutions, and performance feedback, while instructors flexibly guide the other phases. Flexible facilitation enables both &#8220;debrief-to-learn&#8221; and &#8220;debrief-to-manage&#8221; approaches <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, in line with recommendations for post-training reflection to improve clinical reasoning and patient safety <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>. For an overview, see figure 4 <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure" />.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="4. Ergebnisse" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>4. Ergebnisse</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>4.1. Pilotierung der prototypischen Anwendung</SubHeadline><Pgraph>In einer Evaluierung wurden die Praxistauglichkeit, die Nutzererfahrung und das Weiterentwicklungspotenzial des Prototyps getestet. Sie wurde im Rahmen einer Trainings-Session mit f&#252;nf Medizinstudierenden im letzten Studienjahr und neun Studierenden der Gesundheits- und Pflegewissenschaften (n&#61;14) durchgef&#252;hrt, die in drei interprofessionelle Teams eingeteilt waren. Das Evaluationsdesign orientierte sich am Kirkpatrick-Modell, das Trainings auf vier Ebenen bewertet: Reaktion, Lernen, Verhalten und Ergebnisse <TextLink reference="67"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="68"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="69"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="70"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="71"></TextLink>. Zur Operationalisierung dieser Ebenen wurde nach dem Training ein Fragebogen eingesetzt, der geschlossene Likert-Skalen-Items zu wahrgenommenem Lernerfolg, Relevanz, Schwierigkeitsgrad und interprofessionellem Austausch mit offenen Fragen zu Schl&#252;sselerlebnissen, einpr&#228;gsamen Fehlern und allgemeinen Eindr&#252;cken kombinierte (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 3 und 4). Die Ergebnisse (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 5) zeigen, dass der Prototyp positiv aufgenommen wurde und seine explorativen Zielsetzungen erf&#252;llte. Alle Teilnehmer&#42;innen berichteten, vom interprofessionellen Austausch profitiert zu haben, und 86&#37; bewerteten die eingebetteten Gef&#228;hrdungen als relevant f&#252;r ihren beruflichen Kontext. &#220;ber zwei Drittel stimmten der Aussage voll zu, dass das Training lehrreich war, und die Mehrheit w&#252;rde das Format weiterempfehlen. Die qualitativen Antworten st&#252;tzten diese Ergebnisse und hoben insbesondere den Wert der Teamarbeit unter Zeitdruck sowie die Bedeutung hervor, Patientensicherheit aus verschiedenen Perspektiven zu diskutieren. Mehrere Teilnehmer&#42;innen bef&#252;rworteten eine Weiterentwicklung der Anwendung und gaben konstruktive Anregungen. Insgesamt best&#228;tigte die Evaluation die Praxistauglichkeit des Prototyps und untermauerte die Entscheidung zur weiteren Entwicklung. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse flossen direkt in die Weiterentwicklung ein und trugen zur verbesserten Anwendung bei, die im folgenden Abschnitt vorgestellt wird.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>4.2.  Entwickelte digitale, simulationsbasierte Anwendung</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen aus dem Pilottest des Prototyps wurde die Anwendung zu einer voll funktionsf&#228;higen, webbasierten Plattform weiterentwickelt. In diesem Abschnitt wird die finale Version vorgestellt: eine simulationsbasierte Anwendung f&#252;r das Training von SB in interprofessionellen Teams, die eine realistische virtuelle Umgebung, kollaborative Funktionen, Performance Analysen und ein strukturiertes Debriefing zu einem ganzheitlichen Konzept integriert.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.1. Nutzerzentriertes Design</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die Anwendung verf&#252;gt &#252;ber ein plattformbasiertes Design, das auf zwei Benutzergruppen zugeschnitten ist: Trainer&#42;innen und Teilnehmer&#42;innen (siehe Abbildung 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />). F&#252;r Trainer&#42;innen dient die Plattform als zentraler Knotenpunkt f&#252;r die Planung und Durchf&#252;hrung von Trainings und Debriefings. Trainer&#42;innen registrieren sich, greifen auf virtuelle Szenarien zu und nutzen das Dashboard zur Erstellung und zeitlichen Planung von Simulationen (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 6). Teilnehmer&#42;innen werden von den Trainer&#42;innen entweder automatisch oder manuell &#252;ber einen eindeutigen Registrierungscode, der per E-Mail oder QR-Code &#252;bermittelt wird, den Gruppen zugewiesen. Dies vereinfacht die Koordination, f&#246;rdert die digitale Zusammenarbeit und reduziert den administrativen Aufwand. Die Teilnehmer&#42;innen registrieren sich, erstellen ein Profil (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 7) und verwenden den Code, um sich f&#252;r Sessions anzumelden. Die automatische Zuweisung zu einem interprofessionellen Team wird dabei im jeweiligen Profil angezeigt (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 8). Die Teilnehmer&#42;innen betreten einen virtuellen Warteraum, erhalten ein Briefing und nehmen an der Training-Session teil, die entweder nach einer festgelegten Zeit oder auf Entscheidung des Teams endet (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 9). Die Anwendung setzt hierbei eine Videokonferenz f&#252;r die Kommunikation voraus, wobei externe Tools f&#252;r den Austausch von Registrierungscodes und das Debriefing der Ergebnisse zu verwenden sind. Die verbale Kommunikation w&#228;hrend des Trainings ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, und Trainer&#42;innen k&#246;nnen das Debriefing nach dem Training mit einem einzigen Klick starten (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 10), gefolgt von einer schrittweisen Analyse und Bewertung.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.2. Virtuelles Trainingsszenario und spielerischer Charakter</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die Anwendung simuliert den ROE mithilfe hochaufl&#246;sender 360-Grad-Bilder. Die Teilnehmer&#42;innen betreten ein virtuell erkundbares Szenario mit ihren Teammitgliedern, einem zentral platzierten Timer sowie anklickbaren Elementen wie einem digitalen Notizbuch und einer Patientenakte (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 11). Der Raum enth&#228;lt 13 Fehler, die mit Gef&#228;hrdungen der Patientensicherheit in Verbindung stehen (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 12). Grau markierte, interaktive Elemente erm&#246;glichen eine genauere Betrachtung, etwa des Beistelltischs der Patient&#42;innen (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 13). Beim Anklicken eines Elements &#246;ffnet sich ein Pop-up-Fenster, in dem Teilnehmer&#42;innen die identifizierten Gef&#228;hrdungen beschreiben k&#246;nnen; ihre Eingaben werden im digitalen Notizbuch gespeichert. Die Simulation ahmt ein unter Zeitdruck stehendes Arbeitsumfeld nach, in dem der rot blinkende Countdown in der letzten Minute den Stresspegel gezielt erh&#246;ht.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.3. Interprofessionelle Teams und interaktive Zusammenarbeit</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die Anwendung unterst&#252;tzt eine skalierbare IPZ, indem sie die Teilnahme zahlreicher Teilnehmer&#42;innen erm&#246;glicht, die in mehrere separate Teams eingeteilt werden. &#220;ber das Dashboard k&#246;nnen Trainer&#42;innen die Teilnehmer&#42;innen automatisch oder manuell professionellen Teams zuweisen, wof&#252;r eine Drag-and-Drop-Oberfl&#228;che zur Verf&#252;gung steht (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 14 und 15). Dadurch wird eine optimale fachliche Durchmischung gew&#228;hrleistet und der administrative Aufwand der Trainer&#42;innen reduziert. Teilnehmer&#42;innen k&#246;nnen ihre zugewiesenen Teams unmittelbar einsehen, einschlie&#223;lich der Namen und beruflichen Hintergr&#252;nde (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 8). Die Zusammenarbeit wird zudem durch ein gemeinsames digitales Notizbuch unterst&#252;tzt, das der Dokumentation und Diskussion erkannter Fehler dient (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 16), erg&#228;nzt durch Benachrichtigungen f&#252;r die Zusammenarbeit in Echtzeit. Insgesamt bilden interprofessionelle Teams das zentrale Element des ROE, da sie eine realit&#228;tsnahe Zusammenarbeit und eine umfassendere Gefahrenerkennung &#252;ber Berufsgrenzen hinweg erm&#246;glichen (siehe Abbildung 3 <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure" />). </Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.4. Analyse und Auswertung</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die Anwendung erfasst zwei zentrale Kennzahlen: die Zeit, die die Teams in der Simulation verbringen, sowie ihre Performance beim Erkennen und Dokumentieren von Fehlern. Diese Kennzahlen sind f&#252;r das Debriefing, die F&#246;rderung des interprofessionellen Dialogs und die Unterst&#252;tzung der Trainer&#42;innen bei der Besprechung von Fehlern, die m&#246;glicherweise unbemerkt geblieben sind, sowie bei der Bewertung der Ergebnisse und Auszeichnung der besten Teams von entscheidender Bedeutung. Durch das automatische Tracken der von den einzelnen Gruppen identifizierten Fehlern und deren Zuordnung zu den jeweiligen Teams erm&#246;glicht die Anwendung ein transparentes Leistungsmonitoring. Dar&#252;ber hinaus werden alle Ergebnisse systematisch gespeichert, was eine langfristige Analyse erlaubt, um das Training kontinuierlich weiterzuentwickeln und herauszufinden, wie Risiken von unterschiedlichen Berufsgruppen wahrgenommen werden. </Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2.5. Debriefing</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Nach der Training-Session wird das Debriefing &#252;ber das Dashboard der Trainer&#42;innen gestartet (siehe Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1" />, Teil 10). Der Prozess orientiert sich am DASH-Rahmenwerk <TextLink reference="72"></TextLink> und wurde durch PEARLS-Strategien <TextLink reference="73"></TextLink> erg&#228;nzt, um psychologische Sicherheit zu f&#246;rdern und die Reflexion &#252;ber drei Phasen hinweg zu strukturieren: Reaktion, Analyse und Transfer. Die Anwendung unterst&#252;tzt die Analysephase durch eine strukturierte Aufbereitung der Teamantworten, Musterl&#246;sungen und die Bewertung der Teamleistung, w&#228;hrend die &#252;brigen Phasen flexibel durch Trainer&#42;innen moderiert werden. Diese flexible Gestaltung erm&#246;glicht sowohl &#8222;Debrief-to-Learn&#8220;- als auch &#8222;Debrief-to-Manage&#8220;-Ans&#228;tze <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, und entspricht damit den Empfehlungen f&#252;r die Reflexion nach Trainingsma&#223;nahmen zur F&#246;rderung klinischen Denkens und der Patientensicherheit <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>. F&#252;r einen &#220;berblick siehe Abbildung 4 <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure" />.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="5. Discussion" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>5. Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The defined development objectives were successfully realized in a fully operational, web-based application. The final version demonstrates the feasibility of delivering a realistic, collaborative, and scalable simulation experience for interprofessional teams without requiring specialized equipment:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">A high-resolution, 360-degree virtual patient room replicates a clinical environment in which embedded patient safety hazards must be identified, marked, and described collaboratively by participants within an interprofessional team.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Gamification, including time constraints and team-based competition, introduces pressure and engagement mechanisms intended to simulate aspects of clinical urgency and support the training of SA under realistic conditions.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">IPC is supported through scalable participant management with automated or manual team assignment. A shared digital notebook enables transparent collaboration, while cross-group debriefings further promote interprofessional exchange and shared learning.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Integrated analytics track time and error identification accuracy, supporting structured, data-informed debriefings and reducing instructors&#8217; workload.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Debriefing is embedded into the training process, offering guided access to team documentation and enabling flexible, instructor-led reflection.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">The browser-based architecture ensures easy usability and low-barrier access, enabling location-independent training without the need for physical rooms. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">The modular application architecture allows for scenario expansion and complexity scaling. </ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Despite these achievements, limitations remain. First, although informed by prototype evaluation, the final version has not yet undergone formal testing. Its impact on SA and IPC remains to be empirically validated. Second, while theoretically grounded, no empirical link has been established between application use and SA improvement. This reflects broader challenges in measuring SA in team-based contexts. Existing tools such as SA Global Assessment Technique or Team SA <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="74"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="75"></TextLink> may serve as starting points but often yield ambiguous results in team settings <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. The complexity of interprofessional dynamics and diverse knowledge contributions complicates SA assessment and calls for systems-level approaches like distributed situation awareness <TextLink reference="76"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="77"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="78"></TextLink>. Future efforts should therefore focus on adapting or combining such methods to assess whether the application measurably improves SA. Lastly, while the application was designed for efficiency, cost-effectiveness, reusability, and scalability, these remain implementation prospects to be explored through broader deployment and longitudinal studies.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="5. Diskussion" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>5. Diskussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die definierten Ziele f&#252;r Entwicklung der Anwendung wurden erfolgreich in einer voll funktionsf&#228;higen, webbasierten Anwendung umgesetzt. Die finale Version zeigt die Machbarkeit einer realistischen, kollaborativen und skalierbaren Simulationserfahrung f&#252;r interprofessionelle Teams &#8211; ohne den Bedarf an spezieller Ausstattung: </Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Ein hochaufl&#246;sendes virtuelles 360-Grad-Patientenzimmer bildet ein klinisches Umfeld nach, in dem die Teilnehmer&#42;innen eines interprofessionellen Teams gemeinsam Gef&#228;hrdungen der Patientensicherheit identifizieren, markieren und beschreiben m&#252;ssen.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Gamification-Elemente, einschlie&#223;lich Zeitbegrenzungen und teambasiertem Wettbewerb, f&#252;hren Druck- und Motivationsmechanismen ein, die darauf ausgelegt sind, Aspekte klinischer Dringlichkeit zu simulieren und das Training von SB unter realistischen Bedingungen zu unterst&#252;tzen.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">IPZ wird durch ein skalierbares Management der Teilnehmer&#42;innen mit automatischer oder manueller Teamzuweisung unterst&#252;tzt. Ein gemeinsames digitales Notizbuch erm&#246;glicht eine transparente Zusammenarbeit, w&#228;hrend gruppen&#252;bergreifende Debriefings den interprofessionellen Austausch und das gemeinsame Lernen zus&#228;tzlich f&#246;rdern. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Integrierte Analysefunktionen tracken die Zeit und Genauigkeit der Fehlererkennung, unterst&#252;tzen strukturierte, datengest&#252;tzte Debriefings und verringern die Arbeitsbelastung der Trainer&#42;innen. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Das Debriefing ist in den Trainingsprozess eingebettet, bietet einen gef&#252;hrten Zugang zu den Teamdokumentationen und erm&#246;glicht eine Reflexion, die von Trainer&#42;innen flexibel moderiert werden kann. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Die browserbasierte Architektur gew&#228;hrleistet eine einfache Bedienbarkeit und einen niederschwelligen Zugang, so dass ortsunabh&#228;ngige Trainings ohne physische R&#228;umlichkeiten m&#246;glich sind. </ListItem><ListItem level="1">Die modulare Anwendungsarchitektur erlaubt die Erweiterung von Szenarien und die Skalierung der Komplexit&#228;t. </ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Trotz dieser Fortschritte bestehen weiterhin einige Einschr&#228;nkungen. Erstens wurde die endg&#252;ltige Version, obwohl sie auf Erkenntnissen aus der Evaluation des Prototyps basiert, bislang keiner formalen Testung unterzogen. Ihre Wirkung auf SB und IPZ bedarf daher noch einer empirischen Validierung. Zweitens wurde, trotz theoretischer Fundierung, bislang kein empirischer Zusammenhang zwischen der Nutzung der Anwendung und einer Verbesserung des SB nachgewiesen. Dies verdeutlicht die grunds&#228;tzlichen Schwierigkeiten bei der Messung von SB in teambasierten Kontexten. Bestehende Ans&#228;tze wie die SA Global Assessment Technique oder Team SA <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="74"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="75"></TextLink> k&#246;nnen hierbei als Ausgangspunkt dienen, liefern jedoch in Teamsettings h&#228;ufig uneindeutige Ergebnisse <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Die Komplexit&#228;t interprofessioneller Dynamiken und die unterschiedlichen Wissensbeitr&#228;ge der Beteiligten erschweren die Bewertung von SB und erfordern systemische Ans&#228;tze wie das Konzept von verteilter SB (Distributed SA) <TextLink reference="76"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="77"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="78"></TextLink>. Zuk&#252;nftige Forschungsarbeiten sollten sich daher auf die Anpassung oder Kombination solcher Methoden konzentrieren, um empirisch zu untersuchen, ob die Anwendung im praktischen Einsatz messbare Effekte auf SB erzielt.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Abschlie&#223;end ist festzuhalten, dass die Anwendung zwar in Hinblick auf Effizienz, Kosteneffektivit&#228;t, Wiederverwendbarkeit und Skalierbarkeit konzipiert wurde, es diese Aspekte jedoch im Rahmen k&#252;nftig breiter angelegter Eins&#228;tze der Anwendung und L&#228;ngsschnittstudien erst noch zu pr&#252;fen gilt.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="6. Conclusion" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>6. Conclusion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>This report addressed the question of how interprofessional teams can be virtually trained and debriefed for SA to mitigate patient safety hazards. Guided by DSR, we developed a digital, simulation-based application that combines SA training in a virtual ROE with structured, instructor-led debriefing. The application aligns with global trends in medical education that emphasize simulation to strengthen teamwork, communication, and error management <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="79"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="80"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="81"></TextLink>. By integrating IPC and reflective debriefing, it supports WHO recommendations and educational research on team-based learning, human factors, and psychologically safe feedback <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="82"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="83"></TextLink>. Overall, the development of the application contributes to the growing role of simulation in interprofessional education and learning from error to prevent harm <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="83"></TextLink>. While the feasibility of the application has been demonstrated, its educational efficacy &#8211; particularly its impact on SA and IPC &#8211; requires further empirical validation.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="6. Schlussfolgerung" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>6. Schlussfolgerung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Dieser Bericht befasste sich mit der Frage, wie SB in interprofessionellen Teams virtuell trainiert und nachbesprochen werden kann, um Risiken f&#252;r die Patientensicherheit zu reduzieren. Unter Anwendung des DSR-Ansatzes wurde eine digitale, simulationsbasierte Anwendung entwickelt, die das SB-Training in einer virtuellen ROE-Umgebung mit einem strukturierten, von Trainer&#42;innen geleiteten Debriefing kombiniert. Die Anwendung steht im Einklang mit globalen Entwicklungen in der medizinischen Ausbildung, die Simulationen als Mittel zur F&#246;rderung von Teamarbeit, Kommunikation und Fehlermanagement hervorheben <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="79"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="80"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="81"></TextLink>. Durch das Zusammenspiel von IPZ und reflexionsbasiertem Debriefing unterst&#252;tzt sie sowohl die Empfehlungen der WHO als auch die bildungswissenschaftliche Forschung zu teambasiertem Lernen, Human Factors und psychologisch sicherem Feedback <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="82"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="83"></TextLink>. Insgesamt leistet die Entwicklung der Anwendung einen Beitrag zur zunehmenden Bedeutung von Simulationen in der interprofessionellen Ausbildung und beim Lernen aus Fehlern zur Vermeidung von Sch&#228;den <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="83"></TextLink>. W&#228;hrend die Umsetzbarkeit der Anwendung nachgewiesen wurde, bedarf ihre p&#228;dagogische Wirksamkeit &#8211; insbesondere ihre Auswirkung auf SB und IPZ &#8211; einer weiteren empirischen Validierung.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Abbreviations" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Abbreviations</MainHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">DSR: Design Science Research</ListItem><ListItem level="1">IPC: Interprofessional Collaboration</ListItem><ListItem level="1">NTS: Non-technical Skills</ListItem><ListItem level="1">ROE: Room of Error</ListItem><ListItem level="1">SA: Situational Awareness</ListItem><ListItem level="1">STUPS: Stuttgarter P&#228;diatrie- und Patientensimulator</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Abk&#252;rzungen" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Abk&#252;rzungen</MainHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">DSR: Design Science Research</ListItem><ListItem level="1">IPZ: Interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit</ListItem><ListItem level="1">NTF: Nicht-technische F&#228;higkeiten</ListItem><ListItem level="1">ROE: Room of Error</ListItem><ListItem level="1">SB: Situationsbewusstsein</ListItem><ListItem level="1">STUPS: Stuttgarter P&#228;diatrie- und Patientensimulator </ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Acknowledgements" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Acknowledgements</MainHeadline><Pgraph>We extend our sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Kai Holzwei&#223;ig, Dean of Studies and Program Director of Business Informatics at DHBW Stuttgart, for his significant role as initiator and supporter of the project. His openness to innovative teaching approaches greatly contributed to the project&#39;s realization. We also wish to acknowledge Daniel Seger, a student of Business Informatics Data Science at the DHBW Stuttgart, for his invaluable technical contributions to this project, which have been vital to the project&#8217;s success. Daniel&#39;s enduring motivation and unwavering commitment have been instrumental in creating the first and second artifact, as well as in the long-term development and optimization of the application. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Danksagung" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Danksagung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Wir danken Prof. Dr. Kai Holzwei&#223;ig, Studiendekan und Studiengangsleiter der Wirtschaftsinformatik an der DHBW Stuttgart, f&#252;r seine bedeutende Rolle als Initiator und Unterst&#252;tzer des Projekts. Seine Offenheit f&#252;r innovative Lehrans&#228;tze hat wesentlich zur Realisierung des Projekts beigetragen. Unser besonderer Dank gilt auch Daniel Seger, Student der Wirtschaftsinformatik Data Science an der DHBW Stuttgart, f&#252;r seine unsch&#228;tzbaren technischen Beitr&#228;ge, die ma&#223;geblich zum Erfolg des Projekts beigetragen haben. Daniels anhaltende Motivation und sein unerm&#252;dliches Engagement waren entscheidend f&#252;r die Entwicklung des ersten und zweiten Artefakts sowie f&#252;r die fortlaufende Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung der Anwendung.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Notes" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Data privacy and ethical considerations </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Innovative teaching formats may be evaluated under the legal framework of experimentation in higher education (LHG BW &#167;32). The pilot of the Virtual Room of Error was designed and conducted in accordance with ethical principles, including voluntary participation, informed consent, and data protection in compliance with the GDPR.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Authors&#8217; ORCIDs</SubHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Veronika Spielmann: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0009-0003-9428-8075">0009-0003-9428-8075</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Margrit Ebinger: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0009-0007-3378-3258">0009-0007-3378-3258</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Christina Jaki: 8<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0009-0002-0797-5452">0009-0002-0797-5452</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Anmerkungen" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Anmerkungen</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Datenschutz und ethische &#220;berlegungen </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Innovative Lehrformate k&#246;nnen unter dem rechtlichen Rahmen der Hochschulerprobung (LHG BW &#167;32) evaluiert werden. Der Pilotversuch zum Virtuellen Fehlerraum wurde nach ethischen Grunds&#228;tzen konzipiert und durchgef&#252;hrt, einschlie&#223;lich der freiwilligen Teilnahme, der informierten Einwilligung und des Datenschutzes gem&#228;&#223; der Datenschutzgrundverordnung. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>ORCIDs der Autorinnen</SubHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Veronika Spielmann: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0009-0003-9428-8075">0009-0003-9428-8075</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Margrit Ebinger: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0009-0007-3378-3258">0009-0007-3378-3258</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Christina Jaki: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0009-0002-0797-5452">0009-0002-0797-5452</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Competing interests" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Interessenkonflikt" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autorinnen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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