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      <Title language="en">The diversity of educational research in the health professions: More opportunities than challenges</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Die Vielfalt der Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen: Mehr Chancen als Herausforderungen</TitleTranslated>
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          <Lastname>Sch&#252;ttpelz-Brauns</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Sch&#252;ttpelz-Brauns</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Katrin</Firstname>
          <Initials>K</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>PD Dr.</AcademicTitle>
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        <Address language="en">Medical Faculty Mannheim at Heidelberg University, Division for Study and Teaching Development, Medical Education Research Department, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany<Affiliation>Medical Faculty Mannheim at Heidelberg University, Division for Study and Teaching Development, Medical Education Research Department, Mannheim, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Medizinische Fakult&#228;t Mannheim der Universit&#228;t Heidelberg, GB Studium und Lehrentwicklung, Abteilung Medizinische Ausbildungsforschung, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Deutschland<Affiliation>Medizinische Fakult&#228;t Mannheim der Universit&#228;t Heidelberg, GB Studium und Lehrentwicklung, Abteilung Medizinische Ausbildungsforschung, Mannheim, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>katrin.schuettpelz-brauns&#64;medma.uni-heidelberg.de</Email>
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          <Lastname>Matthes</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Matthes</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Jan</Firstname>
          <Initials>J</Initials>
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        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Student Dean&#8217;s Office, Cologne, Germany</Affiliation>
          <Affiliation>University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t, Prodekanat f&#252;r Lehre und Studium, K&#246;ln, Deutschland</Affiliation>
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t und Uniklinik K&#246;ln, Zentrum f&#252;r Pharmakologie, K&#246;ln, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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        <Email>jan.matthes&#64;uni-koeln.de</Email>
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        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Schauber</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Schauber</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Stefan</Firstname>
          <Initials>S</Initials>
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        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Section for Health Sciences Education (HELP), Oslo, Norway</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Section for Health Sciences Education (HELP), Oslo, Norwegen</Affiliation>
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        <Email>stefan.schauber&#64;medisin.uio.no</Email>
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          <Lastname>Wagner-Menghin</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Wagner-Menghin</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Michaela</Firstname>
          <Initials>M</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria</Affiliation>
          <Affiliation>Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Vienna, Austria</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Medizinische Universit&#228;t Wien, Universit&#228;tsklinik f&#252;r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinische Abteilung f&#252;r Sozialpsychiatrie, Wien, &#214;sterreich</Affiliation>
          <Affiliation>Medizinische Universit&#228;t Wien, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Wien, &#214;sterreich</Affiliation>
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        <Email>michaela.wagner-menghin&#64;meduniwien.ac.at</Email>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <SectionHeading language="en">educational research</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Ausbildungsforschung</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20250930</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20250930</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20250930</DateAccepted>
    <DatePublishedList>
      <DatePublished>20260115</DatePublished>
    </DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
    <License license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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    <SourceGroup>
      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>43</Volume>
        <Issue>1</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
        <IssueTitle>Research in Health Profession Education/Ausbildungsforschung in Gesundheitsberufen</IssueTitle>
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    <ArticleNo>13</ArticleNo>
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    <TextBlock name="Editorial" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Editorial</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Researchers from disciplines such as medicine, psychology, sociology, education and the natural sciences, to name but a few, are involved in educational research in the health professions. The wide diversity of disciplines involved, with their different foundations and research methods, can be very challenging in scientific discourse. The fact that different research cultures clash here is illustrated not least by discussions on questions about what kind of knowledge should be gained <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, which topic and outcomes should be investigated <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, whether and what role theories play in educational research <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, which research methods should be used <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink> and how study designs are assessed <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Since 2006, the Committee for Educational Research Methodology of the DACH Society for Medical Education (GMA) has provided a forum for the reflection and integration of different research cultures <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>. This has resulted in regular training courses on methods in educational research <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, since 2018 in the form of a winter school. With regard to the planning and implementation of educational research studies, first recommendations on ethical aspects were published in 2009 <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, to which an article in this issue refers <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. With regard to the quality and reproducibility of the publication of research results, recommendations on writing and reviewing manuscripts for the GMS J Med Educ were published <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>. In the course of the committee&#39;s work, the desire evolved over time to contribute to the discussion and mutual understanding of research cultures by editing a special issue on educational research in the health professions. The articles in the special issue are assigned to one of three focal points: Fundamentals, research methods and perspectives on educational research. </Pgraph><Pgraph>What are the aims of educational research&#63; This question is addressed in the article by Sch&#252;ttpelz-Brauns et al. <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink> in the section on the fundamentals of educational research. Using an analysis of 169 publications in pertinent journals, the authors develop a system of categories that can be used to define the topics and objectives of medical education research more precisely and to differentiate between different types of research and their relevance. Taking the theory of cognitive load as an example, Paridon <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink> deals with the role of empirically tested theories in medical education research. She discusses the development of theories on the basis of findings and their contribution to the development of teaching&#47;learning methods and materials for educational practice. The commentary by Ellaway <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> also invites reflection on one&#39;s own goals and theories against the background of the wish to further develop educational practice and educational research. She advocates reflecting on the role of philosophy in medical education. In doing so, she poses some key philosophical questions relating to medical education, the answers to which can ensure the quality and usefulness of educational research in the health professions. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The part focusing on research methods reflects the diversity of educational research in the healthcare professions, which ultimately prompted the publication of this special issue: different types of research questions require different research methods. Articles from the &#34;How to&#34; category give an impression of the resulting range of methods. In their article, Giesler &#38; Fabry <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink> convey a basic understanding of the quantitative investigation of psychological characteristics such as personality traits or attitudes. They describe the development of test and questionnaire procedures, from the definition of the construct to be measured to test statistics. With the Q-method, Schick &#38; Jedlicska <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink> present a scientific procedure at the interface of qualitative and quantitative research. They do this using the example of physicians&#39; role expectations with respect to dying and death. Ortloff et al. <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink> introduce document analysis using a case study. This is usually used as part of a multi-method approach and draws on existing data and information. The article by Homberg <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink> is dedicated to the Delphi method as a gold standard of consensus procedures. Her article can serve as a guideline for planning Delphi surveys and shows their possibilities and limitations. Finally, Gadewoltz <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink> deals in her article with the scientific theoretical foundations and research methodological background of the Research Program Subjective Theories, whose dialogical approach opens up possibilities for systematic investigation of individual thought processes. She explains that this qualitative method not least can help to meet the challenges of interprofessional education in healthcare professions. </Pgraph><Pgraph>In the third focus of this special issue, authors take a critical look at educational research in the healthcare professions and provide impulses for how it can be further developed. Steinberg <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink> discusses the challenges of applying psychological theories and methods on learning in educational research in the healthcare professions from the perspective of educational psychology. Wijnen-Meijer &#38; Norcini <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink> comment on the sources, applications and challenges of patient-related outcome variables. Al-Buhaly&#8217;s <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink> article deals with co-creation in health professions education and discusses the benefits of involving different stakeholders in the joint development of educational programs. Hirsch et al. <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink> elaborate on ethical aspects of planning, conducting and publishing scientific studies, which also and possibly especially represent a challenge in educational research in the health professions. The article offers practical support in the consideration of these aspects and their implementation. </Pgraph><Pgraph>This special issue thus not only reflects the diversity of disciplines involved in research, but also shows that this diversity and the know-how from the various research cultures can be used to answer a wide range of research questions on training and education in the healthcare professions using scientific methods. Although the research traditions face us with major challenges, we should consider this diversity as a potential and thus as an opportunity. This special issue is therefore also a call for action: let&#8217;s develop a common understanding of the different research cultures and their view of learning and teaching. By this, we can find the adequate methodology for each research question and exploit the full potential of educational research methodology in the healthcare professions.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Leitartikel" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Leitartikel</MainHeadline><Pgraph>An der Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen beteiligen sich Forschende aus Fachbereichen wie Medizin, Psychologie, Soziologie, Erziehungswissenschaften und Naturwissenschaften, um nur einige zu nennen. Die gro&#223;e Vielfalt der an der Forschung beteiligten Disziplinen mit ihren verschiedenen Grundlagen und Forschungsmethoden kann im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs sehr herausfordernd sein. Dass hier verschiedene Forschungskulturen aufeinandertreffen, verdeutlichen nicht zuletzt Diskussionen zu Fragen danach, welcher Art der Erkenntnisgewinn sein sollte <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, welche Gegenst&#228;nde und Outcomes untersucht werden sollten <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, ob und welche Rolle Theorien in der Ausbildungsforschung spielen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, welche Forschungsmethoden verwendet werden sollen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink> und wie Studiendesigns beurteilt werden <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Der Ausschuss f&#252;r Methodik der Ausbildungsforschung der Gesellschaft f&#252;r Medizinische Ausbildung bietet seit 2006 ein Forum f&#252;r die Reflexion und Integration verschiedener Forschungskulturen <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>. Daraus resultierten regelm&#228;&#223;ige Fortbildungsangebote zu Methoden in der Ausbildungsforschung <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, seit 2018 in Form einer Winter School. Hinsichtlich der Planung und Durchf&#252;hrung von Studien zur Ausbildungsforschung erschienen 2009 erste Empfehlungen zu ethischen Aspekten <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, auf die ein Artikel im vorliegenden Heft Bezug nimmt <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. Mit Blick auf die Qualit&#228;t und Nachvollziehbarkeit der Publikation von Forschungsergebnissen wurden unter anderem Empfehlungen zum Verfassen und zur Begutachtung von Manuskripten f&#252;r das GMS J Med Educ publiziert <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>. In der Ausschussarbeit kristallisierte sich im Laufe der Zeit der Wunsch heraus, mit einem Themenheft zur Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen einen Beitrag zur Diskussion sowie zum gegenseitigen Verst&#228;ndnis der Forschungskulturen zu leisten. Die Artikel des Themenheftes sind einem von drei Schwerpunkten zugeordnet: Grundlagen, Forschungsmethoden und Perspektiven der Ausbildungsforschung. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Welche Ziele verfolgt Ausbildungsforschung&#63; Dieser Frage widmet sich der Artikel von Sch&#252;ttpelz-Brauns et al. <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink> im Teil zu Grundlagen der Ausbildungsforschung. Mittels einer Analyse von 169 Publikationen in einschl&#228;gigen Fachzeitschriften entwickeln die Autor&#42;innen dabei ein Kategoriensystem, anhand dessen Gegenst&#228;nde und Forschungsziele der Medizinischen Ausbildungsforschung genauer definiert und verschiedene Forschungstypen und ihre Bedeutung voneinander abgegrenzt werden k&#246;nnen. Am Beispiel der Theorie der kognitiven Belastung befasst sich Paridon <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink> mit der Rolle empirisch gepr&#252;fter Theorien in der Medizinischen Ausbildungsforschung. Dabei geht sie auf die Entwicklung von Theorien auf der Grundlage von Erkenntnissen ein sowie auf deren Beitrag zur Entwicklung von Lehr-&#47;Lernmethoden und -materialien f&#252;r die Ausbildungspraxis. Zur Reflexion eigener Ziele und Theorien vor dem Hintergrund des Wunsches nach Weiterentwicklung von Ausbildungspraxis und Ausbildungsforschung l&#228;dt auch der Kommentar von Ellaway <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> ein. Sie pl&#228;diert daf&#252;r, die Rolle der Philosophie in der medizinischen Ausbildung zu reflektieren. Dabei stellt sie einige philosophische Schl&#252;sselfragen bezogen auf die medizinische Ausbildung, deren Beantwortung die Qualit&#228;t und N&#252;tzlichkeit der Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen sichern kann. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Der Schwerpunkt zu den Forschungsmethoden spiegelt die Vielf&#228;ltigkeit der Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen wider, die letztlich ein Anlass zur Herausgabe dieses Themenhefts war: unterschiedliche Arten von Forschungsfragen erfordern unterschiedliche Forschungsmethoden. Artikel aus der Rubrik &#8222;Gewusst wie&#8220; geben einen Eindruck des resultierenden Methodenspektrums. In ihrem Artikel vermitteln Giesler &#38; Fabry <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink> ein Grundverst&#228;ndnis der quantitativen Messung von psychologischen Merkmalen, wie Pers&#246;nlichkeitseigenschaften oder Einstellungen. Dabei stellen sie die Entwicklung von Test- und Fragebogenverfahren dar, von der Definition des zu messenden Konstruktes bis hin zur teststatistischen Pr&#252;fung. Mit der Q-Methode stellen Schick &#38; Jedlicska <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink> ein wissenschaftliches Vorgehen an der Schnittstelle von qualitativer und quantitativer Forschung vor. Sie tun dies am Beispiel der Rollenerwartungen von &#196;rzt&#42;innen in Bezug auf Sterben und Tod. Ortloff et al. <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink> stellen anhand eines Fallbeispiels die Dokumentenanalyse vor. Diese wird meist im Rahmen eines Multimethodenansatzes verwendet und greift auf bereits vorhandene Daten und Informationen zur&#252;ck. Homberg <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink> widmet sich der Delphi-Methodik als einem Goldstandard der Konsensverfahren. Ihr Artikel kann als Leitfaden f&#252;r die Planung von Delphi-Befragungen dienen und zeigt deren M&#246;glichkeiten und Grenzen auf. Gadewoltz <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink> schlie&#223;lich befasst sich in ihrem Artikel mit den wissenschaftstheoretischen Grundlagen und forschungsmethodischen Hintergr&#252;nden des Forschungsprogramms Subjektive Theorien, dessen dialogischer Ansatz M&#246;glichkeiten zur systematischen Erforschung individueller Denkprozesse er&#246;ffnet. Sie f&#252;hrt aus, dass diese qualitative Methode nicht zuletzt dabei helfen kann, den Herausforderungen der Interprofessionalit&#228;t in der Ausbildung der Gesundheitsberufe zu begegnen. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Im dritten Schwerpunkt des Themenheftes setzen sich Autor&#42;innen kritisch mit der Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen auseinander und geben Impulse, wie diese weiterentwickelt werden kann. Steinberg <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink> diskutiert aus Sicht der p&#228;dagogischen Psychologie die Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung psychologischer Theorien und Methoden des studentischen Lernens in der Ausbildungsforschung der Gesundheitsberufe. Wijnen-Meijer &#38; Norcini <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink> gehen in ihrem Kommentar auf Quellen, Anwendungen und Herausforderungen bei Patient&#42;innen-bezogenen Ergebnisvariablen ein. Al-Buhalys <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink> Artikel befasst sich mit Co-Creation in der Ausbildung der Gesundheitsberufe und diskutiert, welche Vorteile der Einbezug verschiedener Stakeholder bei der gemeinsamen Entwicklung von Bildungsprogrammen haben kann. Hirsch et al. arbeiten <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink> in ihrem Beitrag ethische Aspekte der Planung, Durchf&#252;hrung und Ver&#246;ffentlichung wissenschaftlicher Studien heraus, die auch und ggf. besonders in der Ausbildungsforschung der Gesundheitsberufe eine Herausforderung darstellen. Der Artikel bietet dabei praktische Unterst&#252;tzung bei der Ber&#252;cksichtigung dieser Aspekte und ihrer Umsetzung. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Das Themenheft spiegelt somit nicht nur die Vielfalt der an der Forschung beteiligten Disziplinen wider, sondern zeigt auch, dass diese Vielfalt und das Know-how aus den verschiedenen Forschungskulturen genutzt werden k&#246;nnen, um unterschiedlichste Forschungsfragen zu Ausbildung und Studium in den Gesundheitsberufen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden zu beantworten. Obwohl uns die Forschungstraditionen vor gro&#223;e Herausforderungen stellen, sollten wir diese Vielfalt als Potential und damit Chance verstehen. Damit ist das Themenheft auch ein Appell: Lasst uns ein gemeinsames Verst&#228;ndnis der unterschiedlichen Forschungskulturen und ihrer Sicht auf das Lernen und Lehren entwickeln. So k&#246;nnen wir zu jeder Forschungsfrage die passende Forschungsmethodik finden und das volle Potential der Methodik der Ausbildungsforschung in den Gesundheitsberufen aussch&#246;pfen.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Authors&#8217; ORCIDs" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Authors&#8217; ORCIDs</MainHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Katrin Sch&#252;ttpelz-Brauns: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-9004-0724">0000-0001-9004-0724</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Jan Matthes: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0003-2754-1555">0000-0003-2754-1555</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Stefan Schauber: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0002-1832-2732">0000-0002-1832-2732</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Michaela Wagner-Menghin: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0003-1645-7577">0000-0003-1645-7577</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="ORCIDs der Autor&#42;innen" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>ORCIDs der Autor&#42;innen</MainHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Katrin Sch&#252;ttpelz-Brauns: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0001-9004-0724">0000-0001-9004-0724</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Jan Matthes: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0003-2754-1555">0000-0003-2754-1555</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Stefan Schauber: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0002-1832-2732">0000-0002-1832-2732</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Michaela Wagner-Menghin: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0003-1645-7577">0000-0003-1645-7577</Hyperlink>&#93;</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Competing interests" linked="yes" language="en">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock name="Interessenkonflikt" linked="yes" language="de">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autor&#42;innen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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