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    <ArticleType language="en">editorial</ArticleType>
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      <Title language="en">Beliefs for successful feedback communication</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Glaubenss&#228;tze f&#252;r erfolgreiche Feedbackkommunikation</TitleTranslated>
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        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Wagner-Menghin</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Wagner-Menghin</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Michaela</Firstname>
          <Initials>M</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Assoc. Prof. Mag. Dr.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">Medizinische Universit&#228;t Wien, Universit&#228;tsklinik f&#252;r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinische Abteilung f&#252;r Sozialpsychiatrie, W&#228;hringer G&#252;rtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria<Affiliation>Medizinische Universit&#228;t Wien, Universit&#228;tsklinik f&#252;r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinische Abteilung f&#252;r Sozialpsychiatrie, Wien, Austria</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Medizinische Universit&#228;t Wien, Universit&#228;tsklinik f&#252;r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinische Abteilung f&#252;r Sozialpsychiatrie, W&#228;hringer G&#252;rtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, &#214;sterreich<Affiliation>Medizinische Universit&#228;t Wien, Universit&#228;tsklinik f&#252;r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinische Abteilung f&#252;r Sozialpsychiatrie, Wien, &#214;sterreich</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>michaela.wagner-menghin&#64;meduniwien.ac.at</Email>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <SectionHeading language="en">editorial</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Leitartikel</SectionHeading>
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    <DateReceived>20240516</DateReceived>
    <DateAccepted>20240516</DateAccepted>
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    <DatePublished>20240617</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
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      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>41</Volume>
        <Issue>3</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
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    <ArticleNo>34</ArticleNo>
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      <MainHeadline>Editorial</MainHeadline><Pgraph><Mark2>&#8220;You Think Failure Is Hard&#63; So Is Learning From It&#8221;</Mark2> (<TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, p.1511). Although we intuitively agree that we learn from successes and failures, we realize that the very experience of failure can be stressful. To learn from our failures, we need to become or be made aware by external feedback regarding the difference between the result of our actions and the objective performance standards that define <Mark2>HOW</Mark2> we act and our values and needs that determine <Mark2>WHY</Mark2> we act. In this context, the negative emotions triggered by failure are initially experienced as stressful, while these emotions also influence motivation and performance in further actions <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. This can further increase the stress <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, especially if the request to analyze the failure makes it impossible to down-regulate negative emotions by distracting oneself, leaving the situation, or suppressing the expression of the reaction. </Pgraph><Pgraph>From the perspective of emotion and motivation psychology, the high emotional involvement in reflection on action arises because the metacognitive processing of the HOW simultaneously activates the self-related, more stressful metacognitions related to the WHY of the action. To remain capable of acting, i.e. to be able to optimize the HOW of action, negative emotions must be down-regulated <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, especially if they were triggered by self-<TextGroup><PlainText>related</PlainText></TextGroup> metacognitions. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Strategies for effective feedback communication that aim to activate as few self-related metacognitions as possible were proposed some time ago for both theoretical <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> and practical teaching in simulations <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink> and in the workplace <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, as well as for works (e.g. scientific papers) <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. In addition to being &#8220;timely&#8221;, all approaches emphasize the principles of &#8220;action-guiding and&#47;or knowledge-enhancing&#8221; and &#8220;respectful&#47;open&#8221; as the basis for effective feedback communication. However, it is doubtful whether these strategies achieve the goal of preventing reflection at the self-level, which is responsible for negative emotions. A recent study on what health professions educators associate with the term feedback concludes that although they are aware of the benefits of feedback for optimizing one&#8217;s actions, they mainly remember negative emotions in connection with giving and receiving feedback <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. New strategies that make giving and receiving feedback more pleasant for all agents involved in the communication are therefore still needed to increase well-being in the context of education and work. Given the strong involvement of the self in the form of personal values and needs <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> in the development of negative emotions in the event of failure, it is important to cultivate values and needs in the self that make it easier for us to learn from failure. Three beliefs could be helpful for those giving and receiving feedback because the associated values and needs provide less cause for negative feelings to arise in the event of failure and make it easier to deal with them:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1"><Mark2>Skills develop incrementally in exchange with others: </Mark2>Many small steps of individual and joint reflection of experienced result-standard discrepancy expand existing skills. The attitude of striving for continuous development protects against negative emotions or helps to overcome them in feedback communication <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark2>Joint reflection on action or works triggers emotions in all participants:</Mark2> Since reflection on action also activates reflection on the self, all participants must accept their own and others&#39; emotions in their respective professional roles. Learners are encouraged to develop a repertoire for dealing constructively with their reactions to critical feedback <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. This encouragement is echoed by teachers whose role involves giving critical feedback. They need a repertoire for dealing constructively with their own and others&#8217; reactions, possibly similar to the situation of giving bad news.</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark2>Emotion regulation is achieved by redirecting attention from the self to planning the action: </Mark2>Strategies for distancing from the self include formulating the experience as a recommendation for future actions for oneself or other learners. Actively visualizing beneficial beliefs is also recommended <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. </ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>The complex relationship between self-awareness, motivation, and performance makes it difficult to predict what internal and external feedback about success and failure will trigger in a person. Values and needs that protect the self from harm when experiencing and reflecting on failure can support learning from failure by facilitating acceptance of the outcome and emotions, as well as redirection of attention. Developing and evaluating training opportunities for these social skills is therefore an ongoing important task for medical and health professions training research. </Pgraph><Pgraph>As such, it is promising to see that two articles in this issue are dedicated to the topic of social skills training. A workshop with improvisational theater activities presented by Minow et al. <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> increases self-assessed competence for interprofessional teamwork and error management by establishing a no-blame culture. The helical, integrated, longitudinal communication curriculum with simulated patients comprising five terms presented in the evaluation study by Zerbini et al. <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink> allows medical students to experience an increase in their competence and internalize the importance of empathic care for patients. The results of the pilot study by Knorr et al. <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink> on the use of a Canadian Situational Judgment Test for applicants to German medical degree programs are interesting in the context of curriculum development. The test could be used in the future to evaluate interventions on training social skills. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Two studies in the current issue illustrate how important the learning environment is to live the belief that &#8220;skills develop incrementally in exchange with others&#8221;. The medical students in their practical year and doctors in training surveyed by Dronia et al. <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink> on knowledge and skills in palliative care stated that they benefited most from practicing skills in small groups. The importance of integration into the working and learning community of a clinical team is shown by the results of Homberg et al. <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, who investigate the effect of experience in the surgical section of the internship year on the desire to begin surgical specialty training. Although male and female students reported a similar number of positive and negative experiences, the latter felt less well integrated into the work and the team and were less likely to choose surgical specialty training.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The notion that exchange and reflection also inspire development beyond skills training is illustrated by four papers in this issue. The academization of midwifery education prompts the DACH Association for Medical Education&#8217;s (GMA) special interest group on Midwifery Sciences to advocate joint development of courses between the curriculum providers <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink> and to reflect on the professional and educational consequences resulting from the competence objectives stated in the professional act <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. An optimistic result of the work of Juschka et al. <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink> in terms of exchange, cooperation and reflection is that there are already several offers for interprofessional education of students from midwifery and medical degree programs in DACH, in which students learn together. Finally, it is to be hoped that more curriculum providers will decide to reflect on feedback on their curricula, as presented by Kunz et al. <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> Graduates of the Freiburg medical curriculum are asked for feedback 1.5 years after graduation on the applicability of what they have learned when entering the profession to inform modifications to the curriculum based on the needs of those entering the profession. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Many thanks to all authors for publicly reflecting on their successes and failures. Best wishes to all readers and future authors in receiving the findings and implementing new ideas.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Leitartikel">
      <MainHeadline>Leitartikel</MainHeadline><Pgraph><Mark2>&#8222;You Think Failure Is Hard&#63; So Is Learning From It.&#8220;</Mark2> (<TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, S.1511) Obwohl wir intuitiv zustimmen, dass wir aus Erfolgen und Misserfolgen lernen, stellen wir fest, dass gerade das Erleben von Misserfolg belastend sein kann. M&#246;chten wir aus unseren Misserfolgen lernen, m&#252;ssen wir die Differenz zwischen Handlungsergebnis und objektiven Leistungsstandards kennen, die das <Mark2>WIE</Mark2> das Handelns definieren, bzw. zwischen pers&#246;nlichen Werten und Bed&#252;rfnissen, die das <Mark2>WARUM</Mark2> des Handelns bestimmen. Diese Differenz m&#252;ssen wir selbst wahrnehmen, oder durch Feedback aufgezeigt bekommen. Belastend erlebt werden in diesem Zusammenhang zun&#228;chst einmal die durch den Misserfolg ausgel&#246;sten negativen Emotionen, zudem beeinflussen diese Emotionen die Motivation und Leistung bei weiteren Handlungen <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. Dies kann die Belastung weiter erh&#246;hen <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, vor allem, wenn die Aufforderung zur Analyse des Misserfolgs das Herabregulieren der negativen Emotionen durch Ablenkung, Verlassen der Situation oder Unterdr&#252;ckung des Reaktionsausdrucks verunm&#246;glicht. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Aus emotions- und motivationspsychologischer Perspektive entsteht die hohe emotionale Beteiligung bei der Handlungsreflexion, weil die metakognitive Verarbeitung des WIE von Misserfolg gleichzeitig auch die selbstbezogenen, belastenderen Metakognitionen zur Frage des WARUM des Handelns aktiviert. Um handlungsf&#228;hig zu bleiben, d. h. das WIE des Handelns zu optimieren, m&#252;ssen negative Emotionen flexibel herabreguliert werden <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink> vor allem, wenn sie durch selbstbezogene Metakognitionen ausgel&#246;st wurden. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Strategien f&#252;r effektive Feedbackkommunikation, die darauf abzielen, m&#246;glichst wenige selbstbezogene Metakognitionen zu aktivieren, sind vor l&#228;ngerer Zeit sowohl f&#252;r theoretischen <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> und praktischen Unterricht in Simulationen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink> bzw. am Arbeitsplatz <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> als auch f&#252;r die Arbeit an Werken (z. B. wissenschaftliche Arbeiten) <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink> vorgeschlagen worden. Neben &#8222;zeitnah&#8220;, betonen alle Ans&#228;tze die Prinzipien &#8222;handlungsleitend und&#47;oder wissenserweiternd&#8220; und &#8222;respektvoll&#47;offen&#8220; als Grundlage f&#252;r effektive Feedbackkommunikation. Ob das Ziel, die Reflexion auf der Selbstebene, welche f&#252;r negative Emotionen verantwortlich ist, erst gar nicht auszul&#246;sen damit erreicht wird, ist jedoch anzuzweifeln. Eine rezente Studie zu Assoziation von im Gesundheitsbereich lehrenden Personen (health professions educators) zum Begriff Feedback kommt zu dem Schluss, dass diesen zwar der Nutzen von Feedback f&#252;r Handlungsoptimierung pr&#228;sent ist, sie im Zusammenhang mit dem Geben und Erhalten von Feedback indes dennoch vor allem negative Emotionen erinnern <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. Neue Strategien, die Feedback geben und bekommen f&#252;r beide an der Kommunikation beteiligten Personen angenehmer machen, sind zur Erh&#246;hung des Wohlbefindens im Kontext von Ausbildung und Beruf also weiterhin gesucht. Angesichts der starken Beteiligung des Selbst in Form pers&#246;nlicher Werte und Bed&#252;rfnisse <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> an der Entstehung negativer Emotionen bei Misserfolg gilt es, Werte und Bed&#252;rfnisse im Selbst zu pflegen, die uns das Lernen aus Misserfolg erleichtern. Drei Glaubenss&#228;tze k&#246;nnen f&#252;r Feedback-Gebende und <TextGroup><PlainText>-Bekom</PlainText></TextGroup>mende hilfreich sein, weil die damit verbundenen Werte und Bed&#252;rfnisse insgesamt weniger Potenzial f&#252;r das Entstehen negativer Gef&#252;hle bei Misserfolg bieten und den Umgang damit erleichtern. </Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1"><Mark2>Fertigkeit entwickelt sich inkrementell im Austausch mit anderen:</Mark2> Viele kleine Schritte individueller und gemeinsamer Reflexion von erlebter Ergebnis-Standard-Diskrepanz erweitern bereits vorhandene Fertigkeiten. Die innere Haltung nach kontinuierlicher Entwicklung zu streben, sch&#252;tzt vor negativen Emotionen bzw. hilft bei deren Bew&#228;ltigung in der Feedbackkommunikation <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. </ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark2>Handlungs- oder Werkreflexion l&#246;st bei allen Beteiligten Emotionen aus. </Mark2>Da Handlungsreflexion auch Selbstreflexion aktiviert, m&#252;ssen alle Beteiligte in ihren jeweiligen professionellen Rollen eigene und fremde Emotionen akzeptieren. Lernende werden ermutigt, sich ein Repertoire zum konstruktiven Umgang mit eigenen Reaktionen auf kritisches Feedback zu erarbeiten <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. Diese Ermutigung ergeht sinngem&#228;&#223; an Lehrende, deren Rolle es beinhaltet, kritisches Feedback zu geben. Sie ben&#246;tigen ein Repertoire zum konstruktiven Umgang mit eigenen und fremden Reaktionen, m&#246;glicherweise &#228;hnlich der Situation des &#220;bermittelns schlechter Nachrichten.</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark2>Lenkung der Aufmerksamkeit vom Selbst auf den Handlungsplan erleichtert die Emotionsregulation.</Mark2> Strategien zur Distanzierung vom Selbst umfassen <TextGroup><PlainText>z. B. </PlainText></TextGroup>das Erlebte als Empfehlung f&#252;r zuk&#252;nftige Handlungen f&#252;r sich selbst oder f&#252;r andere Lernende zu formulieren. Ebenso wird aktives Vergegenw&#228;rtigen f&#246;rderlicher Glaubenss&#228;tze empfohlen <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>.</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Die komplexe Beziehung zwischen Selbsterleben, Motivation und Leistung machen es schwierig vorherzusagen, was Feedbackkommunikation in einem Menschen ausl&#246;st. Werte und Bed&#252;rfnisse, welche das Selbst vor Schaden beim Erleben und Reflektieren von Misserfolg sch&#252;tzen, k&#246;nnen das Lernen unterst&#252;tzen, indem sie das Annehmen des Handlungsergebnisses, das Akzeptieren der Emotionen und das Umlenken der Aufmerksamkeit erleichtern. Trainingsm&#246;glichkeiten f&#252;r diese sozialen Fertigkeiten zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren, ist daher eine anhaltend wichtige Aufgabe f&#252;r die &#228;rztliche und gesundheitsberufliche Ausbildungsforschung.  </Pgraph><Pgraph>Und so ist es sch&#246;n zu sehen, dass sich zwei Beitr&#228;ge dieses Hefts dem Thema Training sozialer Fertigkeiten widmen: Ein von Minow et al. <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> vorgestellter Workshop mit Improvisationstheateraktivit&#228;ten erh&#246;ht die selbst eingesch&#228;tzte Kompetenz f&#252;r interprofessionelle Teamarbeit und Fehlermanagement im Sinne einer no blame culture. Das helikale, integrierte, longitudinale Kommunikationscurriculum mit Simulationspatientinnen und -patienten &#252;ber 5 Semester aus der Evaluationsstudie von Zerbini et al. <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink> l&#228;sst Medizinstudierende einen Zuwachs ihrer Kompetenz erleben und die Bedeutung von empathischer Zuwendung zu Patientinnen und Patienten im Zeitverlauf internalisieren. Die Ergebnisse der Pilotstudie von Knorr et al. <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink> zum Einsatz eines kanadischen Situationsbeurteilungstests bei Bewerbenden f&#252;r deutsche Medizinstudieng&#228;nge sind auch im Kontext der Curriculumsentwicklung interessant. Der Test k&#246;nnte in Zukunft zur Evaluation von Interventionen zum Training sozialer Kompetenzen eingesetzt werden.  </Pgraph><Pgraph>Zwei weitere Arbeiten des aktuellen Heftes illustrieren, wie wichtig die Lernumgebung ist, um den Glaubenssatz<Mark2> &#8222;Fertigkeit entwickelt sich inkrementell im Austausch mit anderen &#220;benden&#8220;</Mark2> leben zu k&#246;nnen: Die von Dronia et al. <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink> zu Wissen und Fertigkeiten im Bereich Palliativmedizin befragten Medizinstudierenden im Praktischen Jahr und &#196;rztinnen und &#196;rzte in Ausbildung gaben an, am meisten vom &#220;ben von Fertigkeiten in der Kleingruppe zu profitieren. Die Bedeutung von Integration in die Arbeits- und Lerngemeinschaft eines klinischen Teams zeigen die Ergebnisse von Homberg et al. <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, welche dem Effekt der Erfahrung im chirurgischen Abschnitt des Praktischen Jahres auf den Wunsch eine chirurgische Fachausbildung zu beginnen nachgehen. Obwohl m&#228;nnliche und weibliche Studierende &#252;ber eine &#228;hnliche Anzahl positiver und negativer Erfahrungen berichtet, f&#252;hlen sich letzte weniger gut in die Arbeit und ins Team integriert und entscheiden sich weniger oft f&#252;r eine chirurgische Fachausbildung.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Dass Austausch und Reflexion auch jenseits von Fertigkeitenerwerb die Weiterentwicklung inspirieren, illustrieren vier Arbeiten des Heftes: Anl&#228;sslich der Akademisierung der Hebammenausbildung in Deutschland pl&#228;diert der Ausschuss Hebammenwissenschaften der Gesellschaft f&#252;r medizinische Ausbildung (GMA) f&#252;r eine Zusammenarbeit der einzelnen Studienstandorte in der Entwicklung des Lehrangebots <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink> und reflektiert die fach- und bildungswissenschaftlichen Konsequenzen, welche sich aus den Kompetenzzielen des deutschen Berufsgesetzes ergeben <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. Ein im Sinne von Austausch und Reflexion erfreuliches Ergebnis der Arbeit von Juschka et al. <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink> ist, dass es bereits mehrere Angebote f&#252;r interprofessionelle Ausbildung von Studierenden aus hebammenwissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Studieng&#228;ngen in der DACH-Region gibt, in denen gemeinsam gelernt wird. Abschlie&#223;end bleibt zu hoffen, dass sich noch mehr Ausbildungsstandorte dazu entschlie&#223;en, Feedback zu ihrem Angebot zu reflektieren, z. B. &#228;hnlich wie von Kunz et al. <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> vorgestellt. Absolventinnen und Absolventen des Freiburger Medizincurriculums werden 1,5 Jahre nach Studienabschluss um Feedback zur Anwendbarkeit des Gelernten bei Berufseinstieg gebeten, um Modifikationen am Curriculum orientiert an den Bed&#252;rfnissen der Berufsanf&#228;nger:innen ausrichten zu k&#246;nnen.  </Pgraph><Pgraph>Vielen Dank allen Autorinnen und Autoren f&#252;r das &#246;ffentliche Reflektieren Ihrer Erfolge und Misserfolge. Viel Erfolg allen Leser:innen und zuk&#252;nftigen Autorinnen und Autoren bei der Rezeption der Erkenntnisse und der Umsetzung neuer Ideen.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Author&#8217;s ORCID">
      <MainHeadline>Author&#8217;s ORCID</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Michaela Wagner-Menghin: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0003-1645-7577">0000-0003-1645-7577</Hyperlink>&#93;</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="ORCID der Autorin">
      <MainHeadline>ORCID der Autorin</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Michaela Wagner-Menghin: &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;orcid.org&#47;0000-0003-1645-7577">0000-0003-1645-7577</Hyperlink>&#93;</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Competing interests">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The author declares that she has no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Interessenkonflikt">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autorin erkl&#228;rt, dass sie keine Interessenkonflikte im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel hat.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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