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    <ArticleType language="en">editorial</ArticleType>
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      <Title language="en">Interprofessional education in medicine</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Interprofessionelle Ausbildung in der Medizin</TitleTranslated>
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      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Wijnen-Meijer</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Wijnen-Meijer</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Marjo</Firstname>
          <Initials>M</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Prof. Dr.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">TUD Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Education, Fetscherstr. 74; D-01307 Dresden, Germany<Affiliation>TUD Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Education, Dresden, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Technische Universit&#228;t Dresden, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t und Universit&#228;tsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Institut f&#252;r Didaktik und Lehrforschung in der Medizin, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Deutschland<Affiliation>Technische Universit&#228;t Dresden, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t und Universit&#228;tsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Institut f&#252;r Didaktik und Lehrforschung in der Medizin, Dresden, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>marjo.wijnen-meijer&#64;tu-dresden.de</Email>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
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        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <SectionHeading language="en">editorial</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Leitartikel</SectionHeading>
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    <DateReceived>20240315</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20240315</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20240315</DateAccepted>
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    <DatePublished>20240415</DatePublished><DateRepublished>20240422</DateRepublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
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      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>41</Volume>
        <Issue>2</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
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    <ArticleNo>23</ArticleNo>
    <Correction><DateLastCorrection>20240422</DateLastCorrection>Academic title of the author has been corrected</Correction>
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    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Editorial">
      <MainHeadline>Editorial</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Our society&#8217;s current demographic development and diversification and the simultaneous persistent undersupply of labour pose new challenges for our healthcare system daily. As a result, healthcare systems are forced more than ever to supplement and replace their multi-professional healthcare provision with interprofessional collaboration <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Therefore, in order to be able to master future challenges, current and future students in healthcare professions must be confronted with the topic from early on to avoid uniprofessional training and potential apathy towards team culture <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Here is precisely where the idea of interprofessional education (IPE) comes in. According to the World Health Organization, IPE &#8220;occurs when two or more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes&#8221; <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>To concretise the concept of interprofessional education, international efforts have been made to crystallise corresponding frameworks <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, whereby core areas of competence of interprofessional collaboration can be summarised in four major areas with a total of 33 sub-competencies according to the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. IPEC core competence areas revolve around &#8220;values and ethics&#8221;, &#8220;roles and responsibilities&#8221;, &#8220;communication&#8221; and &#8220;teams and teamwork&#8221;. In practice, healthcare workers encounter these issues in daily practise. It would therefore be desirable for work with team colleagues to be based on shared principles and mutual respect so that complex ethical decisions can be made together. The more precisely roles are defined, boundaries are set and responsibilities are allocated, the better a team will function. Communication in various forms acts as a catalyst for collaboration and can be uniformly improved using established tools <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. Finally, the team concept includes not only professionals but also patients, families and the local community <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>In order to prepare for future scenarios, various ideas from the literature are used to strengthen the core competencies of collaboration through teaching. High-fidelity simulations with multiple simulation scenarios <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, active learning sessions through workshops, small group work with case discussions, and role plays are effectively used. Most IPE teaching was done in alternating settings using different modalities and with an alternating mix of students from different professions <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. IPE activities in a clinical setting and thus at the heart of everyday practice might be more effective than IPE teaching in regular classroom settings <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. To address the subscale of Roles and Responsibilities, actively interviewing or shadowing health professionals on placement is a common IPE activity and seems highly beneficial <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. Next, observing team-based meetings for interactions and encouraging student reflection after an IPE activity seems to have increased the outcome measures <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>It is important to mention that even a one-time intervention on IPE can significantly improve the perception of and self-efficacy for IPE, as shown by Jung et al. using, among other things, a role-play simulating a medication-based error <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. Also, a positive correlation between the number of previous IPE experiences and presurvey IPEC sub competency ratings was found, indicating that previous points of contact with interprofessional collaboration lay the foundation for future IPE learning <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Overall, IPE interventions seem to impact attitudes towards professionals of other disciplines, significantly change collaborative behaviour and likely also improve collaborative skills such as communication <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Unfortunately, most interventions are shorter than three months and show strong heterogeneity in IPE design and in the assessment of the intervention outcome <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Hardly any studies followed a longitudinal approach to assess the impact of IPE incorporation, which makes it difficult to properly develop higher-level complexities of teamwork <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Based on these existing limitations in the literature, future efforts need to be made to address the following key points. Interprofessional Education should be embedded into academic curricula as well as clinical practice to ensure that interprofessional learning follows a time and knowledge gradient <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. As academic curricula are set longitudinally, students should be repeatedly exposed to IPEC sub-competencies <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. It is then just as important to measure corresponding outcomes longitudinally and repeatedly rather than simply comparing pre- and post-survey evaluation scores. Efforts need to be made to reach a general consensus on which tools should be used to evaluate IPE implementation and outcome objectively <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Careful preparation of the IPE facilitators will drastically decide the quality of the intervention <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Beyond that, psychology seems to be massively underrepresented in the involvement in IPE activities, as the literature about psychology learners being part of interprofessional collaboration interventions is scarce <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Considering the existing literature, the importance of interprofessional education must be emphasised. Standardised, mandatory and longitudinal development of a rigorous IPE framework, taking into account local specificities, is the most crucial measure to ensure adequate patient care in the face of future challenges. If the problems of the current IPE landscapes listed above do not serve as a wake-up call, interprofessional collaboration&#39;s immense potential will probably remain untapped.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Interprofessionalism plays a role in some of the articles in this issue. In her article, Juliette Beuken describes an educational intervention concerning cross-border healthcare. This involves different professions, often with a different division of tasks and responsibilities in different countries <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. Julia Schendzielorz describes the planning, implementation and evaluation of a longitudinal science curriculum. One of their experiences is that such a curriculum needs the contribution of teachers from different backgrounds, such as epidemiology, anthropology, statistics and public health <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. With regard to teachers, Franziska Baessler&#8217;s article is also relevant. They conducted a study on what kind of didactic training physicians and psychologists need <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. In addition to several research articles, this issue contains the position paper of the GMA Committee &#8220;teaching evaluation&#8221;. This contains recommendations for the further development of evaluation <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Hopefully this issue will provide new inspiration&#33;</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Leitartikel">
      <MainHeadline>Leitartikel</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die demografische Entwicklung und Diversifizierung unserer Gesellschaft bei gleichzeitig anhaltendem Fachkr&#228;ftemangel stellt unser Gesundheitssystem t&#228;glich vor neue Herausforderungen. Infolgedessen sind die Gesundheitssysteme mehr denn je gezwungen, ihren multiprofessionellen Ansatz der Gesundheitsversorgung durch interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit sukzessive zu ersetzen <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Um auch zuk&#252;nftige Aufgaben meistern zu k&#246;nnen, m&#252;ssen daher aktuelle und k&#252;nftige Studierende im Gesundheitssektor fr&#252;hzeitig mit diesem Thema konfrontiert werden, um eine uniprofessionelle Ausbildung mit m&#246;glicher Apathie gegen&#252;ber Teamkultur zu vermeiden <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Genau hier setzt die Idee der interprofessionellen Ausbildung (IPA) an. Der Weltgesundheitsorganisation zufolge findet IPE statt, &#8222;wenn zwei oder mehr Berufe &#252;ber, von und miteinander lernen, um eine effektive Zusammenarbeit zu erm&#246;glichen und die Gesundheit zu verbessern&#8220; <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Internationale Anstrengungen wurden unternommen, um das Konzept der interprofessionellen Ausbildung zu konkretisieren und entsprechende Rahmen zu entwickeln <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, wobei sich die Kernkompetenzbereiche der interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit laut der Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) in vier Hauptbereiche mit insgesamt 33 Teilkompetenzen zusammenfassen lassen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Bei den IPEC-Kernkompetenzbereichen handelt es sich um &#8222;Werte und Ethik&#8220;, &#8222;Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten&#8220;, &#8222;Kommunikation&#8220; und &#8222;Teams und Teamarbeit&#8220;. Besch&#228;ftigte im Gesundheitswesen sind tagt&#228;glich mit diesen Themen konfrontiert. Es w&#228;re daher w&#252;nschenswert, dass die Arbeit mit Teamkolleg&#42;innen auf gemeinsamen Grunds&#228;tzen und gegenseitigem Respekt beruht, damit auch komplexe ethische Entscheidungen gemeinsam getroffen werden k&#246;nnen. Je genauer die Rollen definiert, die Grenzen festgelegt und die Zust&#228;ndigkeiten verteilt sind, desto besser funktioniert ein Team. Hierbei wirkt Kommunikation in seinen verschiedenen Formen als Katalysator f&#252;r die Kollaboration und kann mit Hilfe etablierter Instrumente einheitlich verbessert werden <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. Das Teamkonzept umfasst schlie&#223;lich nicht nur Fachleute, sondern auch Patienten, Familien und die lokale Bev&#246;lkerung <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Um sich auf solche k&#252;nftigen Szenarien vorzubereiten, werden verschiedene Ideen aus der Literatur genutzt, um bereits in der Ausbildung die Kernkompetenzen der interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit zu st&#228;rken. Realistische Simulationen mit unterschiedlichen Szenarien <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, aktive Lerneinheiten in Form von Workshops, Kleingruppenarbeit mit Falldiskussionen und Rollenspiele werden bereits effektiv eingesetzt. Die meisten IPA-Lehrveranstaltungen wurden in wechselnden Umgebungen und wechselnder Zusammensetzung von Studierenden aus verschiedenen Berufsgruppen unter Einsatz verschiedener Modalit&#228;ten durchgef&#252;hrt <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. IPA-Aktivit&#228;ten im klinischen Umfeld und damit unmittelbar innerhalb der t&#228;glichen Praxis k&#246;nnten effektiver sein als IPA im regul&#228;ren Klassenzimmer <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Um die Subskala Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten zu adressieren, ist eine Hospitation bei Mediziner&#42;innen im regul&#228;ren Arbeitsumfeld eine &#228;u&#223;erst effektive IPA-Aktivit&#228;t <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. Auch die Beobachtung von Teambesprechungen und die Reflexionsf&#246;rderung der Studierenden nach einer IPA-Aktivit&#228;t scheinen die Ergebnisse zu verbessern <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Es ist erw&#228;hnenswert, dass selbst eine einmalige Intervention die Wahrnehmung und Selbstwirksamkeit von IPA signifikant verbessern kann, wie durch Jung et al. unter anderem anhand eines Rollenspiels zur Simulation eines Medikationsfehlers gezeigt wurden konnte <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. Au&#223;erdem wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl fr&#252;herer IPA-Erfahrungen und den Bewertungen der IPEC-Subkompetenzen vor der Befragung festgestellt, was darauf hindeutet, dass fr&#252;here Ber&#252;hrungspunkte mit interprofessioneller Zusammenarbeit die Grundlage f&#252;r k&#252;nftiges IPA-Lernen bilden <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Insgesamt scheinen sich IPA-Interventionen auf die Einstellung gegen&#252;ber Fachpersonal anderer Disziplinen auszuwirken, zudem das Kooperationsverhalten deutlich zu ver&#228;ndern und wahrscheinlich auch die Kooperationsf&#228;higkeiten wie etwa Kommunikation zu verbessern <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Leider sind die meisten Interventionen k&#252;rzer als drei Monate und weisen eine gro&#223;e Heterogenit&#228;t in Bezug auf Aufbau und Bewertung der Interventionsergebnisse auf <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Kaum eine Studie verfolgte hierbei einen L&#228;ngsschnitt-Ansatz, um die Auswirkungen der IPA-Integration zu bewerten, was es somit schwierig macht, komplexe Teamarbeit auf h&#246;herer Ebene ad&#228;quat zu entwickeln <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Auf Grundlage dieser Literatureinschr&#228;nkungen bedarf es k&#252;nftiger Bem&#252;hungen, um die nachfolgenden Kernpunkte anzugehen. Interprofessionelle Ausbildung sollte sowohl in akademische Curricula als auch in die klinische Praxis eingebettet werden, um sicherzustellen, dass interprofessionelles Lernen einer Zeit- und Wissenschronologie folgt <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Da die akademischen Lernzielkataloge ohnehin langfristig angelegt sind, sollten die Studierenden wiederholt mit den IPEC-Teilkompetenzen in Ber&#252;hrung kommen <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Daher ist es ebenso wichtig, die entsprechenden Ergebnisse langfristig und wiederholt zu messen und nicht nur die Ergebnisse vor und nach der Befragung zu vergleichen. Es m&#252;ssen Anstrengungen unternommen werden, um einen allgemeinen Konsens dar&#252;ber zu erzielen, welche Instrumente zur objektiven Bewertung der IPA-Implementierung und der Ergebnisse verwendet werden sollten <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Eine sorgf&#228;ltige Vorbereitung der IPA-Multiplikatoren wird ma&#223;geblich &#252;ber die Qualit&#228;t der Intervention entscheiden <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Dar&#252;ber hinaus scheint die Psychologie bei der Beteiligung an IPA-Aktivit&#228;ten stark unterrepr&#228;sentiert zu sein, da es kaum Literatur &#252;ber die Beteiligung von Psychologiestudent&#42;innen an Interventionen zur interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit gibt <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>In Anbetracht der vorhandenen Literatur muss die Bedeutung der interprofessionellen Ausbildung hervorgehoben werden. Die standardisierte, obligatorische und langfristige Entwicklung eines strikten IPA-Rahmens unter Ber&#252;cksichtigung regionaler Besonderheiten ist der wichtigste Hebel, um angesichts der k&#252;nftigen Herausforderungen eine angemessene Patientenversorgung zu gew&#228;hrleisten. Wenn die oben aufgef&#252;hrten Probleme der derzeitigen IPA-Landschaft nicht als Weckruf dienen, wird das immense Potenzial der interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit voraussichtlich ungenutzt bleiben.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Interprofessionalit&#228;t spielt in einigen Artikeln in diesem Heft eine Rolle. In ihrem Artikel beschreibt Juliette Beuken eine Bildungsma&#223;nahme im Bereich der grenz&#252;berschreitenden Gesundheitsversorgung. Dabei spielen verschiedene Berufe eine Rolle, oft mit einer unterschiedlichen Aufgabenverteilung und Verantwortung in den verschiedenen L&#228;ndern <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. Julia Schendzielorz beschreibt die Planung, Umsetzung und Evaluierung eines l&#228;ngsschnittlichen wissenschaftlichen Curriculums. Eine ihrer Erfahrungen ist, dass ein solcher Lehrplan den Beitrag von Lehrern mit unterschiedlichem Hintergrund, wie Epidemiologie, Anthropologie, Statistik und &#246;ffentliches Gesundheitswesen, ben&#246;tigt <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. In Bezug auf Lehrer&#47;innen ist auch der Artikel von Franziska Baessler relevant. Sie hat eine Studie dar&#252;ber durchgef&#252;hrt, welche Art von didaktischer Ausbildung &#196;rzte und Psychologen brauchen <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. Neben mehreren Forschungsartikeln enth&#228;lt diese Ausgabe auch das Positionspapier des GMA-Ausschusses &#8222;Lehrevaluation&#8220;. Dieses enth&#228;lt Empfehlungen f&#252;r die weitere Entwicklung der Evaluation <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Hoffentlich bietet diese Ausgabe neue Inspiration&#33;</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Competing interests">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The author declares that she has no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Interessenkonflikt">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autorin erkl&#228;rt, dass sie keine Interessenkonflikte im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel hat.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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