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      <Title language="en">What do we mean by &#8220;lessons learned&#8221;&#63; Medical didactic research deficits before the post-COVID era. A call&#33;</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Was hei&#223;t hier &#8222;Lessons learned&#8220;&#63; Medizindidaktische Forschungsdefizite vor der Post-COVID-&#196;ra. Ein Aufruf&#33;</TitleTranslated>
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        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Stosch</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Stosch</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Christoph</Firstname>
          <Initials>C</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Dr. hc (RUS)</AcademicTitle>
          <AcademicTitleSuffix>MME</AcademicTitleSuffix>
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        <Address language="en">University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Office of the Dean of Studies, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, D-50931 Cologne, Germany<Affiliation>University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Office of the Dean of Studies, Cologne, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t, Studiendekanat, Josef-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931 K&#246;ln, Deutschland<Affiliation>Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln, Medizinische Fakult&#228;t, Studiendekanat, K&#246;ln, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>c.stosch&#64;uni-koeln.de</Email>
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          <Lastname>Schnabel</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Schnabel</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Kai P.</Firstname>
          <Initials>KP</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Dr. med.</AcademicTitle>
          <AcademicTitleSuffix>MME</AcademicTitleSuffix>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">University Bern, Institute for Medical Education, AUM, Mittelstr. 43, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland<Affiliation>University Bern, Institute for Medical Education, AUM, Bern, Switzerland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r Medizinische Lehre, AUM, Mittelstr. 43, CH-3012 Bern, Schweiz<Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r Medizinische Lehre, AUM, Bern, Schweiz</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>kai.schnabel&#64;iml.unibe.ch</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="yes" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
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        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
      </Publisher>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <SectionHeading language="en">lessons learned</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Lessons learned</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20211025</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20211025</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20211025</DateAccepted>
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    <DatePublished>20211115</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
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      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>38</Volume>
        <Issue>7</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
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    <ArticleNo>125</ArticleNo>
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      <MainHeadline>Editorial</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Attempting to classify the articles published on medical didactics in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in the JME since the beginning of the pandemic (reference to the COVID-19 pandemic in the title (years 2020 and 2021) or included in the two special issues 07&#47;2020 and 01&#47;2021), we find 84 articles with a brief search. Five of them are editorials, 56 articles deal with the digitization of teaching (lectures and seminars, courses and skills training, simulation persons or real patients, continuing education, selection procedures, etc.), 15 with curricular changes or modified teaching organization (support of digitization by auxiliary staff, for example) and 8 articles with other topics. The articles are mostly &#8220;best practice examples&#8221;, mostly only with acceptance studies. Only 5 articles of these deal further with the effects of the teaching change in the COVID-19 pandemic on the education, the outcome of the students <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>At the same time, we may all have our fears, gut feeling or even quiet suspicion that the forced digitalization of wide parts of studies cannot be without effect on (self-)education resp. professional transformation in the health professions: &#8220;Most lecturers would like to teach more digitally even after the pandemic but fear a decrease in learning effectiveness and contact with students (...).&#8221; <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> concludes Speidel et al. in the latest, digital issue of JME, for example. Or do these fears merely reveal a new variety of structurally conservative critique of change that groundlessly clings to the known, whatever that may be, or more unpolemically, however the evidence-backed status quo might be described in terms of studying&#63; To argue otherwise: Suppose we found no demonstrable changes in learning behaviors, knowledge stocks, physician attitudes, or skills and competency practice. Would it then be permissible to call the (digital) substitutes obviously sufficient and move on to business as usual&#63; Or would this make us the gravediggers of patient-centered teaching, which is elaborately orchestrated everywhere but is ineffective&#63; </Pgraph><Pgraph>This could be exactly the case, according to Haase-Fielitz et al. in this issue of JME <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, who give practical teaching of resuscitation skills &#8211; albeit in a monocentric study &#8211; a poor report. Knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding vaccination medicine in medical trainees in health care professions also suggest room for improvement <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink> while Kruse et al. <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink> and Schlegel et al. <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> highlight with &#8220;Deaf awareness&#8221; and &#8220;Onomatopoeia&#8221; two topics which are not or not sufficiently taught in the teaching of communication skills in the view of the authors. </Pgraph><Pgraph>While Boehme et al. <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> describe the preparation and the &#8211; not unproblematic &#8211; implementation status of digitalization in a nationwide survey, Simmenroth et al. <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> present a concrete, semi-digital teaching scenario on &#8220;Alcohol and Smoking Counseling&#8221;. L&#243;pez D&#225;vila et al. <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink> describe nationwide quality care in the recognition of medical degrees earned abroad in Costa Rica, and Pentzek et al. <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink> examine quality development of general medical clerkships through collegial feedback. Nikendei et al. describe <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink> compensatory effects of voluntary assignments to support COVID-19 patients by students on, for example, &#8220;professional identification&#8221; while bedside teaching was absent, and Rohr et al. describe positive attitudes toward optional teaching components, in this case visionary elective curricula, in their article <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>So the question now, and in particular with reference to the last two articles, is: Will our students become good healthcare workers because of or despite our curriculum&#63; Investigating this in light of the changed curricula around the COVID pandemic as a large-scale digital experiment, with all the limitations of retrospective cohort studies and other methods, seems the order of the day. Valid, objective, and reliable measures of outcomes are also urgently needed, even if, as we all know, this was not possible during the pandemic. Now we should take the time to measure outcomes with appropriate methods that go beyond a mere satisfaction measurement of the participants &#8211; without wanting to minimize this as a necessary prerequisite of good teaching (&#33;). How can we not throw the baby out with the bathwater in the transitional phase amidst the strong desire to return to face-to-face instruction and adequately examine online formats introduced in the pandemic with face-to-face formats&#63; How can we increase efficiency while maintaining effectiveness&#63; Can we initiate randomized crossover studies within cohorts and offer parts online or face-to-face&#63; Solid education research is needed here and more necessary than ever&#33;  </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Leitartikel">
      <MainHeadline>Leitartikel</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Beim Versuch die sich mit Medizindidaktik in Zeiten der COVID-19-Pandemie publizierten Artikel in der JME seit Beginn der Pandemie &#252;berblickend einzusortieren (Hinweis auf die COVID-19-Pandemie im Titel (Jg. 2020 und 2021) bzw. aufgenommen in die beiden Sonderhefte 07&#47;2020 und 01&#47;2021), finden wir mit kurzer Recherche 84 Artikel. F&#252;nf davon als Editorial, 56 Beitr&#228;ge besch&#228;ftigen sich im Weitesten mit der Digitalisierung des Unterrichts (Vorlesungen und Seminare, Kurse und Skillstrainings, Simulationspersonen bzw. reale Patient&#42;innen, Weiterbildung, Auswahlverfahren, usw.), 15 mit curricularen Umstellungen oder abgewandelter Lehrorganisation (Unterst&#252;tzung der Digitalisierung durch Hilfskr&#228;fte etwa) und 8 Artikel mit sonstigen Themen. Dabei sind die Artikel zumeist &#8222;Best-Practice-Beispiele&#8220;, meist nur mit Akzeptanzuntersuchungen. Nur 5 Artikel von diesen besch&#228;ftigen sich im Weiteren mit den Auswirkungen der Unterrichtsumstellung in der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Ausbildung, den Outcome der Studierenden <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Dabei haben wir m&#246;glichweise alle unsere Bef&#252;rchtungen, ein Bauchgef&#252;hl oder auch eine leise Ahnung, dass die erzwungene Digitalisierung weiter Teile des Studiums nicht ohne Wirkung auf die (Selbst-)Erziehung bzw. professionelle Transformation in den Gesundheitsberufen sein kann: &#8222;Die meisten Dozierenden m&#246;chten auch nach der Pandemie digitaler unterrichten, f&#252;rchten jedoch Einbu&#223;en in der Lernwirksamkeit und im Kontakt zu den Studierenden (...).&#8220; <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> konkludieren beispielsweise Speidel et al. in der letzten, digitalen Ausgabe des JME. Oder zeigt sich in den Bef&#252;rchtungen nur eine neue Spielart strukturkonservativer Ver&#228;nderungskritik, die grundlos an Bekanntem festh&#228;lt, was auch immer das sei, oder unpolemischer, wie auch immer der evidenzgesicherte Status quo das Studium betreffend zu beschreiben w&#228;re&#63; Anders herum argumentiert: Gesetzt den Fall, wir f&#228;nden keine nachweisbaren &#196;nderungen im Lernverhalten, bei Wissensbest&#228;nden, den &#228;rztlichen Einstellungen oder etwa bei der Aus&#252;bung von Fertigkeiten oder Kompetenzen. W&#228;re es dann zul&#228;ssig, die (digitalen) Ersatzangebote als offensichtlich ausreichend zu bezeichnen und zur Tagesordnung &#252;berzugehen&#63; Oder werden wir damit zu Totengr&#228;bern eines patientenzentrierten Unterrichts, der allenthalben aufw&#228;ndig orchestriert wird aber eben effektlos ist&#63; </Pgraph><Pgraph>Genau so k&#246;nnte es sein, folgt man Haase-Fielitz et al. in dieser Ausgabe des JME <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, die dem praktischen Unterricht in der Reanimationskompetenz &#8211; allerdings in einer monozentrischen Studie &#8211; eine mangelhaftes Zeugnis ausstellen. Auch Wissen, Einstellungen und Verhalten zu Impfmedizin bei medizinischen Auszubildenden in Gesundheitsberufen lassen Luft nach oben vermuten <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink> w&#228;hrend Kruse et al. <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink> und Schlegel et al. <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> mit &#8222;Deaf awareness&#8220; und &#8222;Onomatopoeia&#8220; zwei Themen beleuchten, welche in der Vermittlung der Kommunikationsfertigkeiten aus Sicht der Autor&#42;innen nicht oder nicht ausreichend vermittelt werden. </Pgraph><Pgraph>W&#228;hrend Boehme et al. <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> in einer bundesweiten Umfrage die Vorbereitung und den -nicht unproblematischen- Umsetzungsstand zur Digitalisierung insgesamt beschreiben, stellen Simmenroth et al. <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> ein konkretes, semidigitales Lehrszenario zu &#8222;Alkohol und Raucherberatung&#8220; vor. L&#243;pez D&#225;vila et al. <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink> beschreiben die landesweite Qualit&#228;tssorge bei der Anerkennung von im Ausland erbrachten Medizinabschl&#252;ssen in Costa Rica und   Pentzek et al. <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink> untersuchen die Qualit&#228;tsentwicklung allgemeinmedizinischer Praktika durch kollegiales Feedback. Nikendei et al. beschreiben <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink> kompensatorische Wirkungen freiwilliger Eins&#228;tze zur Unterst&#252;tzung COVID-19-Patient&#42;innen durch Studierende auf beispielsweise die &#8222;professionelle Identifikation&#8220; w&#228;hrend der Unterricht am Krankenbett nicht stattfand und Rohr et al. beschreiben in ihrem Artikel <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink> die positive Einstellung zu fakultativen Unterrichtsanteilen, hier zu vision&#228;ren Wahlcurricula.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Lautet nun also und im Besonderen mit Bezug zu den beiden letztgenannten Artikeln die Frage: Werden unsere Studierenden also wegen oder trotz unseres Curriculums gute Mitarbeitende im Gesundheitswesen&#63; Dieses im Angesicht der ge&#228;nderten Curricula rund um die COVID-19-Pandemie als digitalem Gro&#223;versuch zu untersuchen, scheint bei aller Einschr&#228;nkung von retrospektiven Kohortenstudien und anderer Methoden das Gebot der Stunde. Valide, objektive und reliable Messungen der Outcomes sind zudem dringend notwendig, wenn dies auch, wie wir alle wissen, w&#228;hrend der Pandemie nicht m&#246;glich war. Jetzt sollten wir uns die Zeit nehmen, Outcomes mit angemessenen Methoden zu messen, die &#252;ber eine reine Zufriedenheitsmessung der Teilnehmenden &#8211; ohne diese als notwendige Voraussetzung guten Unterrichts kleinreden zu wollen (&#33;) &#8211; hinaus gehen. Wie k&#246;nnen wir in der &#220;bergangsphase inmitten des starken Wunsches zur R&#252;ckkehr zum Pr&#228;senzunterricht das Kind nicht mit dem Bade aussch&#252;tten und in der Pandemie eingef&#252;hrte Onlineformate in angemessenem Umfang mit Pr&#228;senzformaten untersuchen&#63; Wie kann bei gleicher Effektivit&#228;t die Effizienz gesteigert werden&#63; K&#246;nnen wir innerhalb der Kohorten randomisierte Crossover-Studien initiieren und Teile online oder in Pr&#228;senz anbieten&#63; </Pgraph><Pgraph>Solide Ausbildungsforschung ist hier gefragt und notwendiger den je&#33;  </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Competing interests">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Interessenkonflikt">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autoren erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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