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      <Title language="en">How can communicative competence instruction in medical studies be improved through digitalization&#63;</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Digitalisierung in der kommunikativen Ausbildung von &#196;rztinnen und &#196;rzten: Das BMBF-Projekt voLeA als aktuelles Beispiel</TitleTranslated>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
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        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">medical conversation</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">competence measurement</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">e-learning</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">digitalization</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">video reflection</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">Situational Judgement Test</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">&#196;rztliche Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">ompetenzmessung</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">E-Learning</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Digitalisierung</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Videoreflexion</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Situational Judgement Test</Keyword>
      <SectionHeading language="en">Communication</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Kommunikation</SectionHeading>
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    <DateReceived>20190930</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20200329</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20200529</DateAccepted>
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    <DatePublished>20201116</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
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      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>37</Volume>
        <Issue>6</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
        <IssueTitle>Digitalization/Digitalisierung</IssueTitle>
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    <ArticleNo>57</ArticleNo>
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      <Funding fundId="16DHB2133">Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung</Funding>
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    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph>In der medizinischen Ausbildung stellt die Vermittlung von Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz eine immer wichtiger werdende Rolle dar. Neben der klassischen Form des Rollenspiels mit Simulationspatienten und -patientinnen stehen immer &#246;fter technologiebasierte Konzepte im Fokus der Medizindidaktik. Als didaktische Elemente dieser Konzepte werden immer h&#228;ufiger Lerntexte in Verbindung mit videographierten Arzt-Patienten-Gespr&#228;chen eingesetzt. Diese Gespr&#228;che k&#246;nnen unterschiedliche Qualit&#228;ten der &#228;rztlichen Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung darstellen und als Anschauungsmaterial dienen um bestimmte Sachverhalte genauer beschreiben zu k&#246;nnen. Ebenfalls wird zur Wissensmodellierung und Reflexion angeregt. Neben der Vermittlung &#228;rztlicher Kompetenz spielt auch dessen Assessment eine wichtige Rolle in der medizinischen Bildungsforschung. Bisher erfolgt das Assessment haupts&#228;chlich &#252;ber direkte Beobachtungen mit Checklisten oder Ratingskalen, sehr wenig ist bekannt &#252;ber die Erfassung von Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenzen mittels standardisierten online-basierten Tests. Als eine vielversprechende Methode zeigt sich der Situational Judgement Test (SJT). Basierend auf diesen beiden Punkten besch&#228;ftigt sich das BMBF-gef&#246;rderte Verbundprojekt <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> mit der Entwicklung einer onlinebasierten E-Learningeinheit, in denen die Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz Medizinstudierender durch Videomodellierung und Videoreflexion gef&#246;rdert wird. Das Niveau der Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz wird mit einem neuentwickelten, videobasierten Situational Judgement Test erfasst. Im folgenden Beitrag soll nun das Projekt <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> vorgestellt und der Nutzen von technologiebasierten Lern- und Assessmenteinheiten zur &#228;rztlichen Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung im Medizinstudium elaboriert werden.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph>The teaching of communicative competence plays an increasingly important role in medical education. In addition to traditional teaching formats, such as role-plays with simulated patients, technology-based approaches become more important in medical education. Teaching materials are increasingly augmented by videos of simulated doctor-patient conversations. This combination allows the content of teaching materials to be demonstrated with video or for videos to create a basis for reflection activities. In addition, conversation videos can illustrate different qualities of clinical communication and serve as illustrative material for describing particular issues in more detail. In addition to teaching clinical communicative competence, the assessment of this competence also plays an important role in medical educational research. So far, this has mainly been conducted through direct observation using checklists or rating scales. Relatively little is known about the assessment of communicative competence using standardized online-based tests. Situational Judgement Tests (SJTs) offer a promising approach in this respect. The BMBF-funded (BMBF &#61; Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung &#8211; Federal Ministry of Education and Research) joint project <Mark2>voLeA (Entwicklung videobasierter Lehr- und Assessmentmodule zur Gespr&#228;chskompetenz im Medizinstudium &#61; Development of video-based teaching and assessment modules for communicative competence in medical studies)</Mark2> addresses these two issues. Specifically, the project is engaged in developing e-learning modules to promote communicative competence and an assessment of this competence using an SJT. The present paper focuses on the benefits of technology-based learning and assessment units for clinical communicative competence in medical studies, using the <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> project as an example. </Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Introduction">
      <MainHeadline>Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Holding conversations with patients is one of the most common aspects of clinical practice <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Numerous studies have shown that the quality of communication between doctors and patients has an influence on patients&#39; recovery as well as on the relationship with their doctors <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. Professionally conducted clinical communication also has a positive effect on doctors&#8217; health, lowering stress levels and so reducing the risk of burnout <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. In view of these research findings, it can be assumed that the investment in improving the communicative competence of doctors will have a direct influence on the quality of medical care <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The topic of professional clinical communication is now an integral part of the education of doctors in most human medicine curricula, but often falls short in terms of reach and scope <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. For this reason, the German government has introduced a directive on the reform of medical studies in its 2020 Master Plan, in which it focuses on strengthening the teaching of communication with patients for (prospective) doctors <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. The national longitudinal model curriculum Communication in Medicine <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, which comprises 350 compulsory core units and 100 elective units, serves as the framework for implementing this directive. The implementation of these extensive requirements presents most medical faculties with immense time, staffing and financial challenges. It therefore makes little sense to reinforce the communication skills of young doctors solely by expanding existing curricula. Effective teaching formats for the promotion of communicative competence offer a promising alternative since they are suitable for large groups of students and are therefore also advantageous from a resource perspective <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Developments in the area of digitalization are opening up new opportunities for devising innovative teaching approaches and making education in communicative competence for prospective doctors both more instructionally versatile and more effective. In recent years, various empirical studies have investigated and demonstrated the potential of video-based e-learning for the promotion of clinical communicative competencies <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The <Mark2>voLeA </Mark2>(Development of video-based teaching and assessment modules for communicative competence in medical studies) joint project, which has been funded by the BMBF since 11&#47;2018, is therefore pursuing the goal of developing digital, video-based teaching modules for the promotion of clinical communicative competence and empirically investigating their effectiveness and implementation. Within the framework of the current, first project phase, these teaching modules will be implemented in the attendance-based curriculum for clinical communicative competence at the Faculty of Medicine at the TU Munich. At the same time, a video-based Situational Judgement Test (SJT) for the assessment of clinical communicative competence will be developed in order to assess the development of communicative competence among medical students in a valid and reliable way. This paper aims to show the potential that digitalization offers for expanding and embedding communicative competence in medical studies. To this end, we summarize the current state of research on this topic and present the<Mark2> voLeA</Mark2> project as an example of a concrete initiative in this area. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
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      <MainHeadline>Einleitung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung mit Patientinnen und Patienten ist eine der h&#228;ufigsten &#228;rztlichen T&#228;tigkeiten <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Zahlreiche Studien konnten nachweisen, dass die Qualit&#228;t &#228;rztlicher Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung Einfluss auf den Genesungsprozess von Patienten und Patientinnen sowie auf die Beziehung zwischen ihnen und ihren &#196;rzten und &#196;rztinnen hat <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. Gute &#228;rztliche Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung wirkt sich auch positiv auf die Gesundheit der &#196;rzte und &#196;rztinnen aus, indem der Stresslevel gesenkt und somit das Burnout-Risiko reduziert werden <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. Angesichts dieser Befunde ist davon auszugehen, dass Investitionen in eine Verbesserung der kommunikativen Ausbildung von &#196;rzten und &#196;rztinnen die Qualit&#228;t der medizinischen Versorgung unmittelbar beeinflussen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Dennoch ist dieser Aspekt in den meisten medizinischen Curricula zwar abgebildet, aber wohl meist nicht in der notwenigen Breite dargestellt <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Daher hat die deutsche Bundesregierung im Masterplan 2020, der Eckpunkte f&#252;r die Reform des Medizinstudiums enth&#228;lt, einen Schwerpunkt auf die Intensivierung der Ausbildung (angehender) &#196;rzte und &#196;rztinnen in der Kommunikation mit Patienten und Patientinnen gelegt <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. Eine Leitlinie zur Umsetzung dieser Forderung und f&#252;r eine Intensivierung der kommunikativen Inhalte im Medizinstudium bildet das nationale longitudinale Mustercurriculum Kommunikation in der Medizin <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, das 350 Pflichtunterrichtseinheiten und 100 Vertiefungsunterrichtseinheiten umfasst. Die Umsetzung dieser umfangreichen Forderungen wird die meisten medizinischen Fakult&#228;ten hinsichtlich ihrer zeitlichen, personellen und monet&#228;ren Ressourcen jedoch vor immense Herausforderungen stellen. Daher besteht gro&#223;er Bedarf an wirksamen Verfahren zur F&#246;rderung kommunikativer Kompetenzen, die auch f&#252;r gro&#223;e Gruppen von Studierenden geeignet und deshalb aus Ressourcenperspektive vorteilhaft sind <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Vor diesem Hintergrund kann eine rein zeitliche Ausweitung &#252;blicher bzw. bestehender Lehrformate (z.B. Rollenspiele, Simulierte Gespr&#228;che) nicht zielf&#252;hrend sein. Stattdessen ist eine didaktische Ausweitung des Lehrangebots notwendig. Entwicklungen im Bereich der Digitalisierung er&#246;ffnen hierzu neue M&#246;glichkeiten, um innovative Kurskonzepte zu entwickeln und die kommunikative Ausbildung junger &#196;rzte und &#196;rztinnen didaktisch vielseitiger und dadurch wirksamer zu gestalten. In diesem Kontext haben in den letzten Jahren verschiedene Studien das Potenzial von videobasiertem E-Learning f&#252;r die F&#246;rderung &#228;rztlicher kommunikativer Kompetenzen untersucht und untermauert <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Basierend auf diesen Aspekten verfolgt das seit 11&#47;2018 vom BMBF gef&#246;rderte Verbundprojekt <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> (Entwicklung videobasierter Lehr- und Assessmentmodule zur Gespr&#228;chskompetenz im Medizinstudium) die Zielsetzung, digitale, videobasierte Lehrbausteine zur F&#246;rderung &#228;rztlicher kommunikativer Kompetenzen zu entwickeln. Im Rahmen der laufenden, ersten Projektphase sollen diese neuen Formate in das Pr&#228;senzcurriculum zur &#228;rztlichen Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung an der Fakult&#228;t f&#252;r Medizin der TU M&#252;nchen implementiert werden. Parallel dazu wird im Rahmen des Projekts ein videobasierter Situational Judgement Test (SJT) zum Assessment &#228;rztlicher Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz entwickelt, um Prozesse der Entwicklung kommunikativer Kompetenz valide und reliabel erfassen zu k&#246;nnen. Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, das mit der Digitalisierung verbundene Potenzial f&#252;r die F&#246;rderung kommunikativer Kompetenzen im Medizinstudium genauer zu umrei&#223;en &#8211; einerseits auf Basis einer Zusammenfassung bestehender Evidenz zu diesem Thema; andererseits exemplarisch anhand des Projekts <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> als einer konkreten Initiative in diesem Bereich. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Use of e-learning to promote clinical communicative competence">
      <MainHeadline>Use of e-learning to promote clinical communicative competence</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Competence in professional communication with patients is often referred to as communication skills in the context of medical educational research. This refers to the actual routines that (prospective) doctors should have at their disposal to ensure quality communication with patients. These include using open questions to understand a patient&#8217;s concerns or communicating relevant medical information in a clear and comprehensible way <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. In order to build on this approach and conceptualize communication as a competence, Bl&#246;meke et al.&#8217;s definition (2015) is used in our study <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. They define communicative competence as a bundle of different, intrapersonal resources on the basis of which communicative situations in a professional context can be successfully navigated. These resources include professional knowledge (e.g., about theoretical models of interpersonal communication), attitudes (regarding the importance of professional communication) and concrete abilities and skills (in the sense of the communication skills described above) <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. On the basis of this definition, we can reasonably assume that a instructionally versatile course program would be useful in promoting the various aspects of communicative competence. As a recent review has shown <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, the use of digital learning programs is particularly promising in this respect. Basically, three different forms of such programs can be distinguished: </Pgraph><Pgraph>A first group comprises video-based, interactive learning programs that use elements such as screencasts, fictional video cases and interactive exercises <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. These learning programs often include text-based teaching of basic communicative competence, enriched by interactive tasks or video examples. The videos also serve to illustrate successful or even faulty communication strategies and are often combined with reflective instructional items. A well-known example of this category is the doc.com platform, which is now also available in German. It comprises video-based online modules on various aspects of clinical conversations, such as delivering bad news <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Secondly, there are various programs that rely on computer-supported interaction between medical students and simulated patients (e.g., via Skype or video chat) as an instructional tool <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>. Such programs involve real people assuming the role of patients and interacting with learners in real time. One such program is EQClinic, which has been shown to have a positive effect on students&#39; ability to reflect <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Thirdly, the literature discusses programs in which students interact with virtual patients <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, whom they encounter in immersive virtual reality environments such as Second Life or MPathic. These programs therefore simulate doctor-patient conversations on a virtual level. Existing studies show a high level of acceptance of such approaches among test participants <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The same review <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink> reports that the computer-based programs for the training of communicative competence described above have been evaluated positively and have generally achieved high acceptance ratings. In addition, all 17 studies included in the review demonstrated effects in the development of self-efficacy expectations in the communicative field as well as learning effects in the area of knowledge about communication and communicative competence. According to Muhle <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, one challenge for such programs that is evident across various studies is that virtual patients are often evaluated as unrealistic. In addition, the programs in the studies cited, without exception, represent complex Treatment Packages (<TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, p. 54), which involve the interplay of different instructional elements. Consequently, most of the existing studies do not permit differentiated statements about which design elements and principles determine the effectiveness of the respective programs and how these are related to specific learner characteristics. Studies therefore make the general point that it is in principle possible to promote communicative skills with the help of e-learning. However, we need to identify and distinguish the factors influencing effectiveness more precisely. Further research in this direction is urgently needed. In the next section, the <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> project will be presented, followed by a discussion of the basic instructional assumptions behind the approach pursued here. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Einsatz von E-Learning zur F&#246;rderung &#228;rztlicher kommunikativer Kompetenzen">
      <MainHeadline>Einsatz von E-Learning zur F&#246;rderung &#228;rztlicher kommunikativer Kompetenzen</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Professionelle Kommunikation wird im Kontext der medizinischen Bildungsforschung oft als <Mark2>Kommunikationsf&#228;higkeiten</Mark2> (communication skills) operationalisiert. Dieser Begriff beschreibt klar definierte Handlungsweisen, die von (angehenden) &#196;rztinnen und &#196;rzten im Rahmen qualit&#228;tsvoller Kommunikation mit Patientinnen und Patienten beherrscht werden sollten. Diese Handlungsweisen sind z.B. das Begr&#252;&#223;en von Patientinnen und Patienten, die Nutzung offener Fragen zur Ergr&#252;ndung von deren Anliegen oder die verst&#228;ndliche Vermittlung relevanter medizinischer Informationen <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Um darauf aufbauend Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung als Kompetenz zu operationalisieren, wenden wir die Definition von Bl&#246;meke et al. (2015) an <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. Diese Definition beschreibt kommunikative Kompetenz als B&#252;ndel verschiedener, intrapersonaler Ressourcen auf deren Basis kommunikative Situationen im professionellen Kontext erfolgreich bew&#228;ltigt werden. Diese Ressourcen umfassen z.B. die Ebenen des professionellen Wissens (etwa &#252;ber theoretische Modelle interpersonaler Kommunikation), der Einstellungen (bzgl. der Wichtigkeit professioneller Kommunikation) sowie der konkreten F&#228;higkeiten und Fertigkeiten einer Person (im Sinne der oben beschriebenen Kommunikationsf&#228;higkeiten) <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. Aus dieser Definition heraus ist plausibel, dass zur F&#246;rderung der verschiedenen Aspekte kommunikativer Kompetenz ein didaktisch vielseitiges Kursprogramm n&#252;tzlich ist. Wie ein aktueller Review <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink> aufzeigt, ist gerade die Nutzung digitaler Lehrbausteine diesbez&#252;glich sehr vielversprechend. Grunds&#228;tzlich lassen sich drei verschiedene Formen solcher Programme unterscheiden: </Pgraph><Pgraph>Eine erste Gruppe umfasst videobasierte, interaktive Lernplattformen, die Elemente wie Screencasts, fiktionale Videof&#228;lle und interaktive &#220;bungen nutzen <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. Diese Lernprogramme beinhalten h&#228;ufig eine textliche Vermittlung von Grundlagen der Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung, die durch interaktive &#220;bungen oder auch durch Videobeispiele angereichert sind. Die Videos dienen weiterhin zur Verdeutlichung erfolgreicher, oder auch fehlerhafter, kommunikativer Strategien und werden h&#228;ufig mit reflexiven didaktischen Elementen kombiniert. Ein bekanntes Bespiel dieser Kategorie ist die Plattform Doc.com, die mittlerweile auch in deutscher Sprache verf&#252;gbar ist. Sie umfasst videobasierte Online-Module zu verschiedenen Themen &#228;rztlicher Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung, wie z.B. dem &#220;berbringen schlechter Nachrichten <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Zweitens existieren verschiedene Programme, die auf eine computergest&#252;tzte Interaktion Medizinstudierender mit simulierten Patienten und Patientinnen (z.B. via Skype oder Videochat) als didaktisches Element setzen <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>. Derartige Programme beziehen reale Personen ein, die in die Rolle von Patienten und Patientinnen schl&#252;pfen und in Echtzeit mit Lernenden interagieren. Ein solches Programm ist etwa EQClinic, das einen Anstieg in der Reflexionsf&#228;higkeit der Studierenden gezeigt hat. Jedoch konnten noch keine Angaben gemacht werden, welche Aspekte genau lernf&#246;rderlich wirken <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Drittens werden Programme in der Literatur beschrieben, bei denen Studierende mit virtuellen Patienten und Patientinnen interagieren <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>. Diese Interaktion ist in immersive Virtual-Reality Umgebungen eingebettet. Als Beispiel k&#246;nnen hier Second Life oder MPathic genannt werden, welche mit VR Arzt-Patienten-Gespr&#228;che simulieren und hier hohe Akzeptanzen bei den Probanden erzielen konnten <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die bereits erw&#228;hnte &#220;berblicksarbeit <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink> zeigt auf, dass die bisher beschriebenen computerbasierten Programme zum Training kommunikativer Kompetenz positiv evaluiert wurden und &#252;berwiegend hohe Akzeptanzbewertungen erzielten. Zudem konnten in allen 17 in dem Review enthaltenen Studien Effekte in der Entwicklung der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung im kommunikativen Bereich sowie Lerneffekte im Bereich des Wissens &#252;ber Kommunikation und der kommunikativen Kompetenz gezeigt werden. Eine &#252;ber verschiedene Studien hinweg erkennbare Herausforderung f&#252;r derartige Programme liegt nach Muhle (2017) in der Tatsache, dass virtuelle Patienten und Patientinnen h&#228;ufig als unrealistisch evaluiert wurden. Zudem wurden die Programme in den zitierten Studien ausnahmslos als &#8222;complex and inevitably multivariate treatment package&#8220; (<TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, S. 54) evaluiert. Das bedeutet, dass die Studien keine differenzierten Aussagen dar&#252;ber zulassen, welche Gestaltungsprinzipien die Wirksamkeit des jeweiligen Programms bedingen und wie diese mit bestimmten Charakteristika der Lernenden im Zusammenhang stehen. Daher ist weitere Forschung in diese Richtung dringend notwendig. Dennoch zeigen diese Erkenntnisse, dass es prinzipiell m&#246;glich ist, kommunikative Kompetenzen mithilfe von E-Learning zu f&#246;rdern. Im n&#228;chsten Schritt soll daher zun&#228;chst das Projekt <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> vorgestellt werden; sodann gehen wir auf didaktische Grundannahmen ein, die hinter dem hier verfolgten Ansatz stehen. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Approach and objectives of the voLeA joint project">
      <MainHeadline>Approach and objectives of the voLeA joint project</MainHeadline><Pgraph>To promote the communicative competence of young doctors, the <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> joint project aims to develop computer- and video-based teaching and assessment formats and analyze their effectiveness. These developments will initially be tested locally as further developments of the simulation-based curriculum at the TU Munich and (permanently) implemented there. On the one hand, this will extend an existing range of courses over time. On the other hand, there will be a diversification of the range and variety of the teaching formats used in the courses. Furthermore, the developed materials will be disseminated supra-regionally and transposed to the curricula at other faculties. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The existing course offering is anchored in the first clinical year of study and comprises three face-to-face sessions (1.5 hrs each). These combine lecture-based elements for teaching the basics (communication models, empirical findings on the effects of good communication) with role plays in small groups with trained actors and including feedback (two actors per session). The further developed course structure (&#196;GF&#43;, &#196;rztliche Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung&#47;CCC&#43;, Clinical Communicative Competence, duration 2.5 hrs each) is a blended learning course: Basic knowledge is imparted online in a virtual learning environment (study time approx. 45 min). The instructional phases are enriched by short illustrative videos and interactive exercises. In addition, students will watch both positive and negative examples of clinical communication, i.e., doctor-patient interactions. These form the basis for initiating reflection processes by means of guiding questions. In the subsequent attendance-based part of the course, after a short introductory sequence, the students complete role plays with feedback (as in &#196;GF&#47;CCC), whereby each small group meets three actors (duration approx. 105 min). The <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> project examines the question of whether the combined &#196;GF&#43;&#47;CCC&#43; course model can be used to achieve additional competence gains over the purely lecture and role-play-based &#196;GF&#47;CCC model. In order to answer this question, an SJT is currently being developed to allow a standardized measurement of communicative competence over several measurement points. In the following, we will describe the didactic design of the <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> learning environment and the SJT in more detail.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Ansatz und Ziele des Verbundprojekts voLeA">
      <MainHeadline>Ansatz und Ziele des Verbundprojekts voLeA</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Das Verbundprojekt voLeA verfolgt zun&#228;chst das Ziel, das simulationsbasierte Curriculum zur &#228;rztlichen Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung (&#196;GF) der medizinischen Fakult&#228;t der TU M&#252;nchen didaktisch weiterzuentwickeln &#8211; und zwar im Hinblick auf eine zeitliche Ausweitung des Lehrangebots, aber auch auf dessen didaktischer Differenzierung (im Sinne der Erh&#246;hung der Vielfalt der in der Veranstaltung genutzter Lehrformate). Das bestehende Kursangebot ist im ersten klinischen Studienjahr verankert und umfasst drei Pr&#228;senzsitzungen (je 1,5h). Diese kombinieren vortragsbasierte Elemente zur Vermittlung von Grundlagen (Kommunikationsmodelle, empirische Befunde zu Wirkungen guter Kommunikation) mit Rollenspielen in Kleingruppen mit trainierten Schauspieler und Schauspielerinnen (SP) inklusive Feedback (je zwei SPs pro Sitzung). Der weiterentwickelte Kursaufbau (&#196;GF&#43;, Dauer je 2,5h) wird als Blended-Learning-Angebot ausgebracht: Die Vermittlung von Grundwissen erfolgt online, in einer virtuellen Lernumgebung (Lernzeit ca. 45 min). Die Lernschritte sind durch kurze illustrative Videos sowie durch interaktive &#220;bungen angereichert. Au&#223;erdem sehen die Studierenden positive sowie negative Beispiele &#228;rztlicher Kommunikation. Diese bieten die Grundlage f&#252;r die Initiierung von Reflexionsprozessen durch Leitfragen. Im nachfolgenden Pr&#228;senzteil absolvieren die Studierenden nach einer kurzen Einf&#252;hrungssequenz Rollenspiele mit Feedback (wie in &#196;GF), wobei jede Kleingruppe drei SPs begegnet (Dauer ca. 105 min). Das zentrale Erkenntnisinteresse des Projekts fokussiert die Wirksamkeit der beiden instruktionalen Bedingungen. Wir untersuchen die Fragestellung, ob sich durch das kombinierte Kursmodell &#196;GF&#43; zus&#228;tzliche Kompetenzgewinne gegen&#252;ber dem rein vortrags- und rollenspielbasierten &#196;GF-Modell erzielen lassen. Um diese Frage beantworten zu k&#246;nnen wird ein SJT entwickelt, der eine standardisierte Messung kommunikativer Kompetenz &#252;ber mehrere Messzeitpunkte hinweg erlaubt. Wie wir weiter unten argumentieren werden, ist dieser Testansatz vielversprechend f&#252;r die Forschung zur Kommunikation im medizinischen Kontext. Zuvor geben wir weiter Einblicke in die didaktische Gestaltung der <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2>-Lernumgebung. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Use of videos to promote communicative competence through e-learning">
      <MainHeadline>Use of videos to promote communicative competence through e-learning</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The learning environment implemented in the <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> project falls into the group of video-based, interactive learning programs using fictional video cases <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. Such videos show conversational situations that are realized using scripts and actors. Compared to real videos, fictional video cases offer extended narrative and instructional possibilities: On the one hand, communicative situations can be presented realistically and serve as a basis for reflection processes <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>. On the other hand, on a narrative level, framework conditions and effects on the patients and doctors that go beyond what is shown in a conversation can be presented. For example, the history of a particular conversation or the patients&#39; (or doctors&#8217;) reports on the conversation can be presented to relatives. Furthermore, video cases are particularly suitable for developing the ability to perceive specific situations in a professional, knowledge-based manner <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>. Two strategies that have already been used successfully in communication training are video modeling (VM) <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> and video reflection (VR) <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>. The fact that the combination of these two approaches is particularly promising can be explained by referring back to the 4C&#47;ID instruction model <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, which provides information on the effective design of complex learning environments. The authors recommend, among other things, the combination of deductive instructional procedures (as they are to be carried out within the framework of the theory-based VM modules) with inductive elements (such as reflection via video examples in the VR modules): </Pgraph><SubHeadline2>Video modeling </SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Within the framework of conventional communication training with a focus on attendance-based formats, students are rarely confronted with very good examples of communicative behavior. Instead, they primarily see examples of average quality in the observation of their fellow students in role plays. However, findings indicate that video-based e-learning can be used to model very desirable as well as very detrimental communicative behavior patterns in a vivid way. By linking very good examples with targeted explanations, the development of action schemata can be promoted. In addition, video examples have a positive effect on the interest and willingness of learners to make an effort if text-based instructional stages are continuously linked with video sequences <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>Video reflection</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Added to this, VR enables learners to engage in an intensive mental examination of relevant examples (shown in the form of videos) <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>. This can be achieved through work assignments associated with the videos, such as identifying key points in a given conversation, justifying their selection or analyzing a scene shown based on certain criteria <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. The comparison of one&#8217;s own communicative experiences in scenes illustrated in videos and the evaluation of video examples on the basis of basic knowledge enables learners to develop their ability to perceive communicative situations professionally <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. There is encouraging evidence of learners reflecting on video recordings of their own simulated conversations <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> and on fictional video cases <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> in which both very good as well as problematic communicative behaviour was shown.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Didaktischer Einsatz von Videos">
      <MainHeadline>Didaktischer Einsatz von Videos</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die im Rahmen des Projekts voLeA realisierte Lernumgebung z&#228;hlt zur Gruppe der videobasierten, interaktiven Lernplattformen, wobei wir mit fiktionalen Videof&#228;llen arbeiten <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. Solche Videos zeigen Gespr&#228;chssituationen, die mithilfe von Drehb&#252;chern und SPs umgesetzt werden. Im Vergleich zu realen Videos bieten fiktionale Videof&#228;lle erweiterte narrative und didaktische M&#246;glichkeiten: Einerseits k&#246;nnen kommunikative Situationen dadurch realistisch dargestellt werden und als Grundlage f&#252;r Reflexionsprozesse dienen <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>. Auf narrativer Ebene lassen sich anderseits &#252;ber ein gezeigtes Gespr&#228;ch hinausgehende Rahmenbedingungen und Wirkungen auf Seiten der Patienten und Patientinnen sowie der &#196;rzte und &#196;rztinnen darstellen. Beispielsweise kann die Vorgeschichte des konkreten Gespr&#228;chs oder die Berichterstattung der Patienten und Patientinnen (oder auch der &#196;rzte und &#196;rztinnen) &#252;ber das Gespr&#228;ch gegen&#252;ber Angeh&#246;rigen dargestellt werden. Weiterhin eignen sich Videof&#228;lle besonders, die F&#228;higkeit zur professionellen, wissensbasierten Wahrnehmung spezifischer Situationen zu schulen <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>. Zwei Strategien, die bereits erfolgreich im Rahmen von Kommunikationstrainings eingesetzt wurden sind videobasierte Modellierung <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> und Videoreflexion <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>. Dass gerade die Kombination beider Ans&#228;tze, Videoreflexion und -modellierung, vielversprechend ist, l&#228;sst sich z.B. unter R&#252;ckbezug auf das 4C&#47;ID-Instruktionsmodell <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink> begr&#252;nden, das Hinweise bzgl. der lernwirksamen Gestaltung komplexer Lernumgebungen gibt. Die Autoren empfehlen u.a. die Kombination deduktiver instruktionaler Vorgehensweisen (wie sie im Rahmen der theoriebasierten VM-Module erfolgen sollen) mit induktiven Elementen (wie etwa der Reflexion &#252;ber Videobeispiele in den VR-Modulen): </Pgraph><SubHeadline2>Videomodellierung (VM)</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Im Rahmen konventioneller Kommunikationstrainings mit Fokus auf Pr&#228;senzformate werden Studierende selten mit idealtypischen Beispielen kommunikativen Verhaltens konfrontiert. In der Beobachtung ihrer Kommilitonen und Kommilitoninnen in Rollenspielen sehen sie stattdessen prim&#228;r durchschnittlich qualit&#228;tsvolle Beispiele. Befunde deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass durch videobasiertes E-Learning sehr vielversprechende sowie sehr nachteilige kommunikative Verhaltensweisen anschaulich modelliert werden k&#246;nnen. Durch Verkn&#252;pfung idealtypischer Beispiele mit gezielten Erl&#228;uterungen kann der Aufbau von Handlungsschemata daher effektiv gef&#246;rdert werden. Au&#223;erdem wirken sich Videobeispiele positiv auf das Interesse und die Anstrengungsbereitschaft Lernender aus, wenn eine kontinuierliche Verkn&#252;pfung textbasierter Lernschritte mit Videosequenzen stattfindet <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>Videoreflexion (VR)</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Zudem bietet VR &#252;ber in online-Plattformen eingebettete Videof&#228;lle die M&#246;glichkeit, Lernenden eine intensive mentale Auseinandersetzung mit relevanten Beispielen zu erm&#246;glichen <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>. Lernende erhalten dabei meist Arbeitsauftr&#228;ge zu den Videos, wie z.B. Schl&#252;sselstellen in einem gezeigten Gespr&#228;ch zu identifizieren, ihre Auswahl zu begr&#252;nden oder eine gezeigte Szene kriterienbasiert zu analysieren <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. Durch Videoreflexion entwickeln Lernende ihre F&#228;higkeit zur professionellen Wahrnehmung kommunikativer Situationen, sowohl durch den Vergleich eigener kommunikativer Erfahrungen mit im Video gezeigten Szenen als auch durch die Bewertung von Videobeispielen im Lichte von Grundlagenwissen <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. Diesbez&#252;glich vielversprechende Evidenz existiert hinsichtlich der Reflexion Lernender &#252;ber Videoaufzeichnungen eigener simulierter Gespr&#228;che <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> sowie &#252;ber fiktionale Videof&#228;lle <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, in denen sowohl sehr gute als auch problematische kommunikative Verhaltensweisen gezeigt werden.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Assessment of communicative competence through a Situational Judgement Test">
      <MainHeadline>Assessment of communicative competence through a Situational Judgement Test</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Fundamental progress in research on communication training for medical professionals is closely linked to the development of effective assessment procedures. In educational practice for clinical conversations, competence is measured mainly via standardized simulated conversations (SG simulierte Gespr&#228;che&#47;SCs simulated conversations, which are observed in a structured manner and evaluated using rating scales or checklists. This is done either in real-time assessments or on the basis of videographed interviews <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>. Assessments of SG&#47;SCs have established themselves as a norm in communication education in medicine and apparently have favorable psychometric characteristics <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, &#91;<Hyperlink href="http:&#47;&#47;www.aspeducators.org&#47;">http:&#47;&#47;www.aspeducators.org&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;. However, they are very complicated to prepare, conduct and evaluate. This is especially true when applied to large groups of students and conducted several times by the same person to record competence development over time <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>. Furthermore, SG &#47; SCs are complicated to evaluate. Valid and reliable evaluations require intensive training of the evaluators. Even when this intensive training is given, distortions due to the rater&#39;s differential assessment behavior and its interaction with other elements of the assessment (e.g., topics of discussion, final assessment, subjects) are difficult to rule out <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>. They can significantly affect the validity of the test scores and all other conclusions &#8211; for example, on performance feedback, developmental trajectories or group comparisons. This raises the question of how to develop more efficient assessment procedures that can complement and, in part, substitute SG&#47;SCs. </Pgraph><Pgraph>In particular, an SJT is being considered as a viable alternative <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>. SJTs are widespread in numerous areas of application, e.g., in staff selection. They are also particularly suitable for assessing social and non-cognitive skills, such as empathy <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>. SJT present hypothetical situations in a standardized form (e.g., in writing or on video) and require a selection or evaluation of given options for action as the response <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>. For evaluation, the answers are usually compared with a solution based either on theoretical definitions or on expert empirical assessments. SJT thus record the ability of test participants to make a knowledge-based interpretation and evaluation of options for action in given situations. From a competence diagnostic perspective, such situation-specific skills are central because they mediate between individual dispositions (e.g., knowledge) and actual performance in real situations <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> test is to be developed as a construct-based SJT (see <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>) designed to measure clinical communicative competence and follows established procedures <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>. With regard to the current context of application in the instruction of clinical communicative competence, two aspects are particularly important to us: </Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">the curricular and competence-theoretical anchoring of the test concept and </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">the use of multimedia task formats for test design.</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Regarding (i): First of all, the test must be valid with respect to the curriculum in order to ensure not only the validity of the content but also to promote supra-regional applicability, i.e., it must be based on standards for instruction in clinical communicative competence <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, &#91;<Hyperlink href="http:&#47;&#47;www.nklm.de">http:&#47;&#47;www.nklm.de</Hyperlink>&#93;. In addition, it must be linked to theoretical approaches to modeling communicative competence <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>. This double anchoring is essential and valuable. Curricular standards define the concrete skills to be acquired, i.e., what performance is expected of learners at what level. The skills specified in medical curricula describe concretely observable behaviour (e.g., conversational techniques), which can serve as indicators for the development of communicative competencies <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>. However, theory-based competence models go beyond this. They describe the assumptions that underlie such manifestations of individual ability <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>. In addition, competence models contain (verifiable) structural assumptions about which competence dimensions are relevant and how they relate to each other. For the development of these tests, we use an approach that distinguishes three levels of communicative competence, namely </Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">the ability to structure a conversation in a goal-oriented way (e.g., through techniques of metacommunication); </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">the ability to effectively advance the conversation on the content level (e.g., through techniques or strategies to create a common ground); and finally </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">the ability to build a positive working relationship with the interlocutor (e.g., through empathic behaviour) (in summary: <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>).</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>In other words, the model is based on the theoretical assumption that conversations are in principle to be analyzed on several levels, namely the formal-structural, the content-problem-related, and the level of interpersonal relationships <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>. To conduct conversations effectively, doctors must be able to act competently at these levels simultaneously.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Regarding (ii): Furthermore, voLeA offers the advantages of an online-based SJT format <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, which allows the use of multimedia material for the construction of test items. In particular, video-based vignettes allow for a much more authentic anchoring of situations than text-only formats. This seems to be especially important in the area of communication, where not only linguistic but also numerous non-linguistic and paralinguistic cues are important for the interpretation of a situation. In fact, there is already evidence of the validity of video-based SJT for recording interpersonal competencies <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>. Compared to established assessments of communicative competence, SJTs therefore offer a promising complementary perspective. The test concept developed in voLeA uses a computer-based specification of video stimuli as task stems showing excerpts from case history dialogues (approx. 45-60s length). Before watching the video, the students receive written background information on the video (e.g., name and complaints of the patients). The video then breaks off at a critical point in the conversation and the students are presented with several possible statements &#8211; related to a predefined communication goal &#8211; with which the doctor could continue the conversation. There are currently 14 tasks with corresponding video vignettes in which five alternative answers are anchored. The students&#8217; task is to assess each of these response options in terms of their effectiveness for achieving the stated goal. The three levels of communicative competence (structure, content, relationship) are included as separate ratings. </Pgraph><Pgraph>To ensure the validity of the content and to optimize the test format and usability, expert interviews with experienced lecturers in the field of clinical communication (n&#61;6) and cognitive pre-tests with medical students (n&#61;12) were conducted <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>. Subjective qualities related to test motivation (e.g., subjective learning gain, interest, effort) were also examined. The feedback obtained provides indications of a generally very good acceptance of the test procedure. For example, the experts surveyed rated the importance of testing of competency in communication skills as very high. The same applies to the approximation to real world conditions of the video situations and answer options contained in the test. The students surveyed rated the test format and its design as comprehensible and well-structured. In addition, they found the test to be interesting and appropriately challenging. On the basis of this provisional, but overall encouraging feedback, the test material was further refined. A more extensive review of the test, including psychometric quality criteria, is still pending. Various studies will be conducted by <Mark2>voLeA</Mark2> in the continuing course of the project.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Assessment durch einen Situational Judgement Test">
      <MainHeadline>Assessment durch einen Situational Judgement Test</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Substanzielle Fortschritte in der Forschung zu Kommunikationstrainings f&#252;r Mediziner und Medizinerinnen sind eng mit der Entwicklung leistungsf&#228;higer Assessmentverfahren verkn&#252;pft. In der Ausbildungspraxis zur &#228;rztlichen Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung erfolgt die Kompetenzmessung &#252;berwiegend mittels standardisierter simulierter Gespr&#228;che (SG), die strukturiert beobachtet und per Ratingskalen oder Checklisten ausgewertet werden. Dies erfolgt entweder in Echtzeit-Assessments oder auf Basis videographierter Gespr&#228;che <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>. Solche Assessments &#252;ber SG haben sich in der Kommunikationsausbildung in der Medizin quasi als Goldstandard etabliert und weisen offenbar g&#252;nstige psychometrische Eigenschaften auf <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, &#91;<Hyperlink href="http:&#47;&#47;www.aspeducators.org&#47;">http:&#47;&#47;www.aspeducators.org&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;. Allerdings sind sie in der Vorbereitung, Durchf&#252;hrung und Auswertung extrem aufw&#228;ndig, insbesondere beim Einsatz mit gro&#223;en Studierendengruppen und bei mehrfacher Durchf&#252;hrung bei denselben Personen zur Erfassung von Kompetenzentwicklung &#252;ber die Zeit <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>. Dar&#252;ber hinaus sind SG in der Auswertung hoch komplex. Valide und reliable Beurteilungen erfordern z.B. ein intensives strukturiertes Training der auswertenden Personen (Rater). Verzerrungen, die sich durch differenzielles Beurteilungsverhalten der Rater und Interaktionen mit anderen Assessmentkomponenten (z.B. Gespr&#228;chsthemen, SP, Probanden und Probandinnen) ergeben k&#246;nnen, sind dennoch schwer auszuschlie&#223;en <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>. Solche Verzerrungen sind sehr problematisch, weil sie die Basis der Testwertbildung ber&#252;hren und damit die Grundlage aller weiteren Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Assessment, etwa zur Leistungsr&#252;ckmeldung, zu Gruppenvergleichen oder zu Entwicklungsverl&#228;ufen. Insofern stellt sich die Frage nach effizienteren Assessmentverfahren, die SG erg&#228;nzen und teilweise substituieren k&#246;nnen. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Als Alternativen werden insbesondere SJT diskutiert <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>. Sie sind in zahlreichen Anwendungsbereichen verbreitet, z.B. in der Personalauswahl. Besonders geeignet sind sie auch zur Erfassung sozialer und nicht-kognitiver F&#228;higkeiten, wie Empathie <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>. SJT pr&#228;sentieren hypothetische Situationen in standardisierter Form (z.B. schriftlich oder per Video) und erfordern als Antwort eine Auswahl oder eine Bewertung vorgegebener Handlungsm&#246;glichkeiten <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>. Zur Auswertung werden die Antworten i.d.R. mit einer L&#246;sung abgeglichen, die theoriebasiert oder empirisch aus Experteneinsch&#228;tzungen abgeleitet ist. SJT erfassen somit die F&#228;higkeit von Probanden und Probandinnen, in gegebenen Handlungssituationen eine wissensbasierte Interpretation und Bewertung von Handlungsoptionen vorzunehmen. Aus kompetenzdiagnostischer Perspektive sind solche situationsspezifischen F&#228;higkeiten Schl&#252;sselkonstrukte, weil sie zwischen individuellen Dispositionen (z.B. Wissen) und der tats&#228;chlichen Performanz in realen Anforderungssituationen vermitteln <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Testentwicklung in voLeA zielt auf einen konstruktbasierten SJT (vgl. <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>) zur Messung &#228;rztlicher Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz und folgt bew&#228;hrten Verfahrensweisen <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>. Bezogen auf den vorliegenden Anwendungskontext in der Ausbildung &#228;rztlicher Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung sind uns dabei die folgenden beiden Punkte besonders wichtig: </Pgraph><Pgraph>Erstens muss der Test zur Sicherung der Inhaltsvalidit&#228;t, aber auch zur F&#246;rderung der &#252;berregionalen Einsetzbarkeit und Nachhaltigkeit, curricular valide sein &#8211; also auf Standards zur Ausbildung in &#228;rztlicher Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung beruhen <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <Hyperlink href="http:&#47;&#47;www.nklm.de">http:&#47;&#47;www.nklm.de</Hyperlink>&#93;. Zudem muss er an theoretische Ans&#228;tze zur Modellierung von Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz anschlie&#223;en <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>. Diese doppelte Verankerung ist unerl&#228;sslich und n&#252;tzlich. Curriculare Standards definieren die konkreten zu erwerbenden F&#228;higkeiten, also welche Performanz von Lernenden auf welchem Niveau erwartet wird (z.B. Techniken des aktiven Zuh&#246;rens einsetzen k&#246;nnen). Theoriebasierte Kompetenzmodelle beschreiben dar&#252;ber hinaus Annahmen hinsichtlich der individuellen Dispositionen, die hinter solchen Manifestationen individuellen K&#246;nnens stehen <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>. Die in medizinischen Curricula spezifizierten F&#228;higkeiten beschreiben also konkret beobachtbare Verhaltensweisen (z.B. Gespr&#228;chstechniken), die als Indikatoren f&#252;r die Auspr&#228;gung kommunikativer Kompetenzen dienen k&#246;nnen <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>. Zur Kompetenzmodellierung geh&#246;ren auch (&#252;berpr&#252;fbare) strukturelle Annahmen, also welche Kompetenzdimensionen relevant sind und wie diese in Verbindung zueinander stehen. Wir beziehen uns hier auf einen Ansatz, der drei Ebenen von Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz unterscheidet, n&#228;mlich: </Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">ein Gespr&#228;ch zielf&#252;hrend strukturieren zu k&#246;nnen (z.B. durch Techniken der Metakommunikation); </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">das Gespr&#228;ch auf der Inhaltsebene effektiv voranzubringen (z.B. durch Techniken zur Schaffung eines Common Grounds); und schlie&#223;lich </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">der Aufbau einer positiven Arbeitsbeziehung zum Gegen&#252;ber (z.B. durch empathische Verhaltensweisen) (zusammenfassend: <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>). </ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Anders gesagt basiert das Modell auf der theoretischen Annahme, dass Gespr&#228;che prinzipiell auf mehreren Ebenen zu analysieren sind, n&#228;mlich der formal-strukturellen, der inhaltlichen, und der Ebene der sozialen Beziehung <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>. F&#252;r eine effektive Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrung m&#252;ssen &#196;rzte und &#196;rztinnen auf diesen Ebenen simultan kompetent agieren k&#246;nnen.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Zweitens, werden in voLeA die Vorteile eines onlinebasierten SJT-Formates genutzt <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, das es erlaubt multimediales Material zur Konstruktion von Testaufgaben einzusetzen. Insbesondere kann durch den Einsatz videobasierter Vignetten die Situationsverankerung deutlich authentischer gestaltet werden als in reiner Textform. Dies erscheint gerade f&#252;r den kommunikativen Bereich wichtig, in dem neben verbalen auch zahlreiche non- und paraverbale Hinweisreize f&#252;r die Interpretation einer Situation relevant sind. Tats&#228;chlich liegt bereits Evidenz f&#252;r die Validit&#228;t videobasierter SJT zur Erfassung interpersoneller Kompetenzen vor <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>. Im Vergleich zu etablierten Assessments von Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz bieten SJTs daher eine vielversprechende komplement&#228;re Perspektive. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die in voLeA entwickelte Testkonzeption basiert auf der computerbasierten Vorgabe von Videostimuli als Aufgabenst&#228;mme, die Ausschnitte aus Anamnesegespr&#228;chen zeigen (ca. 45-60s L&#228;nge). Vor dem Betrachten des Videos erhalten die Studierenden schriftliche Hintergrundinformationen zum Video (z.B. Name und Beschwerden der Patienten und Patientinnen). Das Video bricht dann an einer kritischen Stelle im Gespr&#228;ch ab und den Studierenden werden &#8211; bezogen auf ein definiertes Kommunikationsziel &#8211; mehrere m&#246;gliche Aussagen pr&#228;sentiert, mit denen der Arzt oder die &#196;rztin das Gespr&#228;ch fortf&#252;hren k&#246;nnte. Aktuell liegen 14 Aufgaben mit entsprechenden Videovignetten vor, in die jeweils f&#252;nf Antwortalternativen verankert sind. Aufgabe der Studierenden ist es, jede dieser Antwortoptionen hinsichtlich ihrer Effektivit&#228;t f&#252;r das genannte Ziel einzusch&#228;tzen. Dabei flie&#223;en jeweils die drei Ebenen der Gespr&#228;chsf&#252;hrungskompetenz als separate Ratings ein. Zur Sicherung der Inhaltsvalidit&#228;t sowie zur Optimierung des Testformats und der Usability wurden Experteninterviews und kognitive Pr&#228;tests mit Medizinstudierenden durchgef&#252;hrt <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>. Zudem wurden subjektive Qualit&#228;ten der Testbearbeitung untersucht, die vermutlich mit der Testmotivation zusammenh&#228;ngen (z.B. subjektiver Lerngewinn, Interesse, Anstrengung). Diese ersten &#220;berpr&#252;fungen liefern erste Hinweise auf eine insgesamt sehr gute Akzeptanz des Verfahrens.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Outlook and planned quality assurance">
      <MainHeadline>Outlook and planned quality assurance</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The quality assurance of the e-learning modules and the SJT within the voLeA project will be conducted in the academic years 2020 and 2021. The empirical research will focus, on the one hand, on examining the effectiveness of the blended learning concept as compared to pure classroom instruction and, on the other, on the development of the communicative competence of the prospective doctors as measured by the SJT. In addition, the research will also examine which design principle of instruction via e-learning is most effective for learning &#8211; video reflection, video modeling or a combination of the two. As indicated above, studies on the psychometric quality of the SJT constitute a further research focus. In particular, the effects of various methods of test value calculation (scoring) as well as the scalability and reliability of the test values should be investigated. In addition, different aspects of validity as well as the stability of the measurement characteristics during repeated measurements will be analyzed. Besides permanent integration into the local communicative curriculum at the TUM, the teaching materials developed in the project will allow the transfer of the modules to other medical faculties. Since the SJT developed in the project is also available independently of location, this could lead to an even more differentiated research on effectiveness in the medium term: By integrating the virtual learning environment into different communicative curricula, different combinations of classroom teaching and virtual teaching units could be implemented. Thus, with the same staff resources for the exercises with simulated patients, more theoretical material for clinical communication in the form of e-learning modules could be imparted. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Compared to assessments with SG&#47;SCs, the SJT offers more efficient implementation and evaluation. In addition, numerous students can take the test at the same time and be assessed in a standardized way. Currently, the test evaluation is still conducted manually on a PC (e.g., using standard statistical software), but automated evaluation and feedback using appropriate algorithms is in principle possible. The test is therefore suitable as a rapid screening instrument, among other things, but also as an instructional tool for providing formative feedback to students. It should be noted that the SJT, as discussed above, primarily measures the knowledge-based perception of communicative situations and the evaluation of alternative courses of action. It thus offers a supplement to the more action-oriented assessments with SG&#47;SCs but can by no means completely replace them. Furthermore, it is not currently intended for use for summative purposes, such as for entry selection into medical studies or for examination purposes. Although this is conceivable in principle, it does make extensive psychometric and practical demands, for example in terms of test security. </Pgraph><Pgraph>All in all, the teaching and assessment modules developed in voLeA &#8211; either separately or in combination &#8211; can help efficiently meet the demand for more intensive training of the communicative competence of prospective doctors.  </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Ausblick">
      <MainHeadline>Ausblick</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Eine unmittelbare Verwertung der Projektergebnisse findet durch eine dauerhafte Integration der entwickelten Lern- und Assessmentmodule in das kommunikative Curriculum der TUM School of Medicine an der TU M&#252;nchen statt. Somit werden die Materialien ins Pflichtcurriculum des Studiengangs Humanmedizin integriert und tragen dauerhaft zu einer Differenzierung und Erweiterung des lokalen kommunikativen Curriculums bei. Weiterhin wird durch die im Rahmen des Projekts entwickelten Lehrmaterialien die M&#246;glichkeit er&#246;ffnet, die Module (im Rahmen einer m&#246;glichen zweiten Projektphase) auch an andere medizinische Fakult&#228;ten zu transferieren. Zwei Voraussetzungen daf&#252;r sind zentrale Leitlinien der Arbeit im Projekt voLeA: Einerseits, die Orientierung der Lehrinhalte an nationalen curricularen Standards. Andererseits, die Einbettung der virtuellen Lehrmodule in eine leistungsf&#228;hige IT-Infrastruktur, die sich leicht an das Identity-Management anderer Hochschulen anbinden l&#228;sst. Dadurch soll eine standortunabh&#228;ngige Verf&#252;gbarkeit als Voraussetzung f&#252;r eine breite Dissemination der Materialien gew&#228;hrleistet werden. Da auch der im Rahmen des Projekts entwickelte SJT standortunabh&#228;ngig verf&#252;gbar ist, k&#246;nnte dadurch mittelfristig eine noch differenziertere Wirksamkeitsforschung stattfinden: Durch die Integration der virtuellen Lernumgebung in verschiedene kommunikative Curricula w&#252;rden unterschiedliche Kombinationen von Pr&#228;senzlehre und virtuellen Lehreinheiten realisiert. &#220;ber den SJT als standardisierten Test k&#246;nnten die verschiedenen Kombinationsmodelle miteinander verglichen und damit verbundene Prozesse der Kompetenzentwicklung auf einer einheitlichen Messskala abgebildet werden.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Funding">
      <MainHeadline>Funding</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The joint project voLeA (development of video-based teaching and assessment modules for communicative competence in medical studies) is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research from 11&#47;2018 to 10&#47;2021 (funding code: 16DHB2133&#47;16DHB2134).</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="F&#246;rderung">
      <MainHeadline>F&#246;rderung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Das Verbundprojekt voLeA (Entwicklung videobasierter Lehr- und Assessmentmodule zur Gespr&#228;chskompetenz im Medizinstudium) wird durch das Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung von 11&#47;2018 bis 10&#47;2021 gef&#246;rdert (F&#246;rderkennzeichen: 16DHB2133&#47;16DHB2134).</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Competing interests">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Interessenkonflikt">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autor&#42;innen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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