Central serous chorioretinopathy following oral quetiapine

oc000221 10.3205/oc000221 urn:nbn:de:0183-oc0002214 Case Report Central serous chorioretinopathy following oral quetiapine Durmaz Engin Durmaz Engin Ceren C M.D.

Karadeniz Eregli State Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Omerli mah. Kaynarca cad. No: 309, 67300 Eregli Zonguldak, Turkey, Phone: +90 534 6858422Department of Ophthalmology, Karadeniz Eregli State Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey

cerendurmaz@gmail.com author Akdemir Akdemir Mehmet Orcun MO

Department of Ophthalmology, Bulent Ecevit University School of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey

author German Medical Science GMS Publishing House

Düsseldorf

610 atypical antipsychotic central serous chorioretinopathy quetiapine retina 20230712 engl This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung). 2193-1496 13 GMS Ophthalmology Cases GMS Ophthalmol Cases 13 Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease that is characterized by central vision loss and is usually seen in middle-aged males. It has been associated with the use of various drugs, including corticosteroids and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. We present the case of a 36-year-old male who developed CSCR after a few weeks of irregular use of quetiapine for his sleep problems. The clinical findings of the patient improved shortly after he stopped using the drug, and at the end of the two-month period complete recovery was observed. Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic that exerts its effects on dopamine and serotonin receptors. There are studies showing that these neurotransmitters may play a role in the control of choroidal vascular permeability, which is the underlying cause of CSCR. Therefore, we believe that quetiapine may have a causal relationship with CSCR. To our knowledge, this is the first case report documenting full recovery from quetiapine associated CSCR. IntroductionCentral serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease which usually affects the central macula and is characterized by subretinal fluid accumulation leading to acute or sub-acute vision loss, metamorphopsia, and a hyperopic shift. It is most prevalent in males between the ages of 20 and 50. Although the pathophysiological mechanism of the disease has not yet been fully elucidated, CSCR is thought to arise from hyperpermeable choroidal capillaries that cause a serous detachment of the neurosensory retina . Corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, pseudoephedrine, mefloquine, and pregabalin have all been linked to CSCR in previous studies , .Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug that works by acting on serotonin and dopamine receptors to alleviate the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and severe bipolar disease. In recent years, it is increasingly used off-label for the treatment of sleep disturbances or insomnia . Although ocular side effects are rare, atypical antipsychotic drugs may cause blurred vision, cataract, oculogyric crises, seeing halos around lights, and temporary myopia , . In this case report, we present a male patient who developed CSCR after off-la</PlainText></TextGroup>bel use of quetiapine for his sleep problems.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock linked="yes" name="Case description"> <MainHeadline>Case description</MainHeadline><Pgraph>A 36-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with the complaint of decreased central vision in his right eye for two weeks. He had no known history of systemic or ocular diseases. He had been taking quetiapine (Gyrex 100 mg, Santa Farma, Turkey) off-label for the past few weeks for his sleep disturbance. He stated that he took one or two pills occasionally before going to sleep and that his vision problems began after taking this medication. He had no other addictions. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) on eye examination was 20/30 and 20/20 in the right (OD) and left eye (OS), respectively. Slit lamp examination findings and intraocular pressure were normal in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed a large serous retinal detachment approximately four disc diameter in size in OD (Figure 1a <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed subretinal fluid in the macula (Figure 1c <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). Central foveal thickness (CFT) was 513 µm in OD and 261 µm in OS. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed the classical inkblot pattern with expanding hyperfluorescence in OD (Figure 2a, c, d <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>). Fundoscopy, SD-OCT, and FA findings in OS were normal (Figure 1b, d <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/> and Figure 2b <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>). The patient was asked to discontinue quetiapine. Two weeks later, his BCVA was 20/20 in OD and there was a marked reduction in the extent of the lesion in OCT. CFT was measured as 30<TextGroup><PlainText>9 µ</PlainText></TextGroup>m, and there was brush-border-like appearance in OD (Figur<TextGroup><PlainText>e 3</PlainText></TextGroup>b <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>). At the follow-up examination 2 months later, the serous elevation was almost completely resolved, and OCT revealed a flat-appearing macula with minor retina pigment epithelium (RPE) changes with a CFT of 247 µm (Figure 3c <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>).</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock linked="yes" name="Discussion"> <MainHeadline>Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>It was previously believed that RPE dysfunction was the major cause of CSCR, but new imaging methods reveal that RPE dysfunction may actually be a consequence of CSCR rather than its cause <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Choroidal vascular hyperpermeability, delay in vascular filling, and venous congestion in choroidal vessels revealed by indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) studies suggest an abnormal choroidal blood flow in patients affected by CSCR <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. Neuromodulation of choroidal vessels by corticosteroids may explain the well-known relationship between hypercortisolism and CSCR. Increased catecholamine release and potentiation of their effects in the choroidal vasculature by corticosteroids could also contribute to CSCR <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. Dopamine and serotonin are other neurotransmitters that have a role in ocular circulation <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Quetiapine is a second-generation antipsychotic that has an affinity for D2, 5-HT2A, H1, alpha 1, and 5-HT1A receptors. Although low, quetiapine has been shown to have affinity for excitatory D1 receptors which may modulate dopaminergic vasodilation in the choroidal circulation <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. Animal studies about the role of dopamine in the control of ocular blood flow are controversial. Dopamine antagonists have been shown to increase ocular blood flow in rabbits <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Another study showed dopamine causes a dose-dependent effect on ciliary blood flow, with ciliary vasodilation at the lowest infusion rate and vasoconstriction at higher infusion rates <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. In a study investigating the effect of dopamine on choroidal blood flow in human subjects, fundus pulsation amplitude was found to be regulated by dopamine, but its effect on choroidal blood flow has not been fully explained <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Quetiapine exerts its serotonergic activity by 5-HT2A r<TextGroup><PlainText>e</PlainText></TextGroup>ceptor antagonism and partial agonism of 5-HT1A receptors. Hayreh et al. <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> found that in atherosclerotic monkey eyes serotonin can cause temporary occlusion of the posterior ciliary artery (PCA) supplying the choroid, but this effect is not seen in non-atherosclerotic monkey eyes. On the other hand, serotonin-mediated ciliochoroidal effusion has been proposed as a mechanism for transient myopia associated with atypical antipsychotics, including quetiapine and aripiprazole <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. These different effects may be explained by the findings of another study that, while serotonin induces vasoconstriction by 5-HT2C and 5-HT2B receptors in PCA, in bovine eyes it has been observed that it does not exert a contractile effect by 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Despite the lack of consensus on the results, dopamine and serotonin appear to have effects on the regulation of ocular and choroidal blood flow, and quetiapine may modulate choroidal vasculature via these neurotransmi<TextGroup><PlainText>t</PlainText></TextGroup>ters.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Although ours is the second case in the literature to report the occurence of CSCR after quetiapine use, it is the first case to document complete recovery from the disease. Jain reported a case of recurrent CSCR following quetiapine therapy in a 30-year-old insomniac patient <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. Although this patient also had a history of steroid use, the author hypothesized a relation between quetiapine and CSCR due to clinical improvement in a short time after discontinuation of quetiapine and recurrence after repeated quetiapine use.</Pgraph><Pgraph>We did not have access to enhanced depth imaging OCT or ICGA in this patient to examine choroidal thickness or vascular alterations in the choroid. However, we think that the traditional OCT and FA findings are adequate to diagnose the patient with CSCR. Furthermore, while the patient might not mention a recent increase in his regular stress level, sleep issues may be a sign of increased stress. However, a temporal relation to quetiapine intake, as well as improvement in serous elevation after two weeks following withdrawal, suggests a possible causative relation between quatiapine and CSCR.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock linked="yes" name="Conclusion"> <MainHeadline>Conclusion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Quetiapine may cause CSCR by affecting choroidal blood flow via dopamineric and serotonergic pathways. In individuals who have reduced visual acuity during quetiapine treatment, a retinal examination is necessary to rule out the possibility of CSCR.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock linked="yes" name="Notes"> <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Informed consent </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Informed consent has been obtained from the patient for the publication of this case report. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Authors’ ORCIDs</SubHeadline><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Ceren Durmaz Engin, M.D.: <Hyperlink href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5797-6467">0000-0001-5797-6467</Hyperlink></ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <References linked="yes"> <Reference refNo="1"> <RefAuthor>Liew G</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Quin G</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Gillies M</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Fraser-Bell S</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of epidemiology and pathophysiology</RefTitle> <RefYear>2013</RefYear> <RefJournal>Clin Exp Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>201-14</RefPage> <RefTotal>Liew G, Quin G, Gillies M, Fraser-Bell S. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of epidemiology and pathophysiology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013 Mar;41(2):201-14. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02848.x</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02848.x</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="2"> <RefAuthor>Fraunfelder FW</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Fraunfelder FT</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with sildenafil</RefTitle> <RefYear>2008</RefYear> <RefJournal>Retina</RefJournal> <RefPage>606-9</RefPage> <RefTotal>Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT. Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with sildenafil. Retina. 2008 Apr;28(4):606-9. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31815ec2c8</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31815ec2c8</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="3"> <RefAuthor>Doğan YE</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Kurt Oktay KN</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Buyru Özkurt Y</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Aktaş İ</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Pregabalin as a probable cause of central serous chorioretinopathy: Two case reports</RefTitle> <RefYear>2021</RefYear> <RefJournal>Turk J Phys Med Rehabil</RefJournal> <RefPage>530-3</RefPage> <RefTotal>Doğan YE, Kurt Oktay KN, Buyru Özkurt Y, Aktaş İ. Pregabalin as a probable cause of central serous chorioretinopathy: Two case reports. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021 Dec;67(4):530-3. DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2021.5433</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2021.5433</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="4"> <RefAuthor>Anderson SL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Vande Griend JP</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Quetiapine for insomnia: A review of the literature</RefTitle> <RefYear>2014</RefYear> <RefJournal>Am J Health Syst Pharm</RefJournal> <RefPage>394-402</RefPage> <RefTotal>Anderson SL, Vande Griend JP. Quetiapine for insomnia: A review of the literature. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014 Mar;71(5):394-402. DOI: 10.2146/ajhp130221</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp130221</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="5"> <RefAuthor>Richa S</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Yazbek JC</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review</RefTitle> <RefYear>2010</RefYear> <RefJournal>CNS Drugs</RefJournal> <RefPage>501-26</RefPage> <RefTotal>Richa S, Yazbek JC. Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs. 2010 Jun;24(6): 501-26. DOI: 10.2165/11533180-000000000-00000</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.2165/11533180-000000000-00000</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="6"> <RefAuthor>Nair AG</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Nair AG</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>George RJ</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Biswas J</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Gandhi RA</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Aripiprazole induced transient myopia: a case report and review of literature</RefTitle> <RefYear>2012</RefYear> <RefJournal>Cutan Ocul Toxicol</RefJournal> <RefPage>74-6</RefPage> <RefTotal>Nair AG, Nair AG, George RJ, Biswas J, Gandhi RA. Aripiprazole induced transient myopia: a case report and review of literature. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2012 Mar;31(1):74-6. DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2011.603106</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2011.603106</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="7"> <RefAuthor>Nicholson B</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Noble J</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Forooghian F</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Meyerle C</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Central serous chorioretinopathy: update on pathophysiology and treatment</RefTitle> <RefYear>2013</RefYear> <RefJournal>Surv Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>103-26</RefPage> <RefTotal>Nicholson B, Noble J, Forooghian F, Meyerle C. Central serous chorioretinopathy: update on pathophysiology and treatment. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013;58(2):103-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.07.004</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.07.004</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="8"> <RefAuthor>Semeraro F</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Morescalchi F</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Russo A</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Gambicorti E</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Pilotto A</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Parmeggiani F</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Bartollino S</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Costagliola C</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Pathogenesis and Management</RefTitle> <RefYear>2019</RefYear> <RefJournal>Clin Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>2341-52</RefPage> <RefTotal>Semeraro F, Morescalchi F, Russo A, Gambicorti E, Pilotto A, Parmeggiani F, Bartollino S, Costagliola C. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Pathogenesis and Management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:2341-52. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S220845</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S220845</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="9"> <RefAuthor>Giovannini A</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Scassellati-Sforzolini B</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>D’Altobrando E</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Mariotti C</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Rutili T</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Tittarelli R</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Choroidal findings in the course of idiopathic serous pigment epithelium detachment detected by indocyanine green videoangiography</RefTitle> <RefYear>1997</RefYear> <RefJournal>Retina</RefJournal> <RefPage>286-93</RefPage> <RefTotal>Giovannini A, Scassellati-Sforzolini B, D’Altobrando E, Mariotti C, Rutili T, Tittarelli R. Choroidal findings in the course of idiopathic serous pigment epithelium detachment detected by indocyanine green videoangiography. Retina. 1997;17(4):286-93. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-199707000-00002</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199707000-00002</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="10"> <RefAuthor>Jampol LM</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Weinreb R</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Yannuzzi L</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Involvement of corticosteroids and catecholamines in the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy: a rationale for new treatment strategies</RefTitle> <RefYear>2002</RefYear> <RefJournal>Ophthalmology</RefJournal> <RefPage>1765-6</RefPage> <RefTotal>Jampol LM, Weinreb R, Yannuzzi L. Involvement of corticosteroids and catecholamines in the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy: a rationale for new treatment strategies. Ophthalmology. 2002 Oct;109(10):1765-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01303-9</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01303-9</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="11"> <RefAuthor>Reitsamer HA</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Zawinka C</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Branka M</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Dopaminergic vasodilation in the choroidal circulation by d1/d5 receptor activation</RefTitle> <RefYear>2004</RefYear> <RefJournal>Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci</RefJournal> <RefPage>900-5</RefPage> <RefTotal>Reitsamer HA, Zawinka C, Branka M. Dopaminergic vasodilation in the choroidal circulation by d1/d5 receptor activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Mar;45(3):900-5. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.03-0997</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.03-0997</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="12"> <RefAuthor>Hayreh SS</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Piegors DJ</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Heistad DD</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Serotonin-induced constriction of ocular arteries in atherosclerotic monkeys. Implications for ischemic disorders of the retina and optic nerve head</RefTitle> <RefYear>1997</RefYear> <RefJournal>Arch Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>220-8</RefPage> <RefTotal>Hayreh SS, Piegors DJ, Heistad DD. Serotonin-induced constriction of ocular arteries in atherosclerotic monkeys. Implications for ischemic disorders of the retina and optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;115(2):220-8. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150222012</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150222012</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="13"> <RefAuthor>Chiou GC</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Chen YJ</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Effects of dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, and some dopamine antagonists on ocular blood flow</RefTitle> <RefYear>1992</RefYear> <RefJournal>J Ocul Pharmacol</RefJournal> <RefPage>285-94</RefPage> <RefTotal>Chiou GC, Chen YJ. Effects of dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, and some dopamine antagonists on ocular blood flow. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1992;8(4):285-94. DOI: 10.1089/jop.1992.8.285</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.1992.8.285</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="14"> <RefAuthor>Reitsamer HA</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Kiel JW</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Effects of dopamine on ciliary blood flow, aqueous production, and intraocular pressure in rabbits</RefTitle> <RefYear>2002</RefYear> <RefJournal>Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci</RefJournal> <RefPage>2697-703</RefPage> <RefTotal>Reitsamer HA, Kiel JW. Effects of dopamine on ciliary blood flow, aqueous production, and intraocular pressure in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Aug;43(8):2697-703.</RefTotal> </Reference> <Reference refNo="15"> <RefAuthor>Huemer KH</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Zawinka C</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Garhöfer G</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Golestani E</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Litschauer B</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Dorner GT</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Schmetterer L</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Effects of dopamine on retinal and choroidal blood flow parameters in humans</RefTitle> <RefYear>2007</RefYear> <RefJournal>Br J Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>1194-8</RefPage> <RefTotal>Huemer KH, Zawinka C, Garhöfer G, Golestani E, Litschauer B, Dorner GT, Schmetterer L. Effects of dopamine on retinal and choroidal blood flow parameters in humans. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;91(9):1194-8. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.113399</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.113399</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="16"> <RefAuthor>Njie-Mbye YF</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Robinson J</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Mitchell-Bush L</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Mckoy M</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Opere CA</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Ohia SE</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Sharif N</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Pharmacology of Serotonin Receptors Causing Contraction of Isolated Bovine Posterior Ciliary Arteries: Role in Ocular Blood Flow</RefTitle> <RefYear>2018</RefYear> <RefJournal>J Ocul Pharmacol Ther</RefJournal> <RefPage>134-40</RefPage> <RefTotal>Njie-Mbye YF, Robinson J, Mitchell-Bush L, Mckoy M, Opere CA, Ohia SE, Sharif N. Pharmacology of Serotonin Receptors Causing Contraction of Isolated Bovine Posterior Ciliary Arteries: Role in Ocular Blood Flow. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2018;34(1-2):134-40. DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0124</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2017.0124</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="17"> <RefAuthor>Jain M</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Quetiapine associated Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Implicit role of serotonin and dopamine pathways</RefTitle> <RefYear>2019</RefYear> <RefJournal>Indian J Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>292-4</RefPage> <RefTotal>Jain M. Quetiapine associated Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Implicit role of serotonin and dopamine pathways. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019 Feb;67(2):292-4. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_929_18</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_929_18</RefLink> </Reference> </References> <Media> <Tables> <NoOfTables>0</NoOfTables> </Tables> <Figures> <Figure format="png" height="507" width="989"> <MediaNo>1</MediaNo> <MediaID>1</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 1: a: color fundus photo of the right eye showing serous retinal detachment approximately four disc diameter in size in the macula; b: color fundus photo of a normal looking left eye; c: SD-OCT of the right eye shows a large area of subretinal fluid; d: SD-OCT of the left eye is normal</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure format="png" height="549" width="649"> <MediaNo>2</MediaNo> <MediaID>2</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 2: a: FA of the right eye in the early phase shows a hyperfluorescent spot (arrow); b: FA of the left eye is normal; c and d: mid-to-late phases of FA showing expansion of hyperfluorescence in an inkblot pattern in the right eye</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure format="png" height="557" width="824"> <MediaNo>3</MediaNo> <MediaID>3</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 3: a: SD-OCT of the right eye shows a large area of subretinal fluid (*); b: resolution of subretinal fluid and brush-border-like appearance (black arrow) in follow-up OCT; c: a flat-appearing macula with a small residual subretinal fluid and minor RPE changes (white arrow)</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <NoOfPictures>3</NoOfPictures> </Figures> <InlineFigures> <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures> </InlineFigures> <Attachments> <NoOfAttachments>0</NoOfAttachments> </Attachments> </Media> </OrigData> </GmsArticle>