Multimodal imaging in choroidal osteomas

oc000194 10.3205/oc000194 urn:nbn:de:0183-oc0001941 Case Report Multimodal imaging in choroidal osteomas Goel Goel Sugandha S

Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

author Das Das Sudipta S Dr.

Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, 147 Mukundapur, E. M. Bypass, Kolkata 700099, West Bengal, IndiaAditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

drsudipta07@gmail.com author Rijey Rijey A. Joash AJ

Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

author Das Das Debmalya D

Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

author German Medical Science GMS Publishing House

Düsseldorf

610 choroidal osteoma multimodal imaging multicolor imaging infrared reflectance osteoma 20220225 engl This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung). 2193-1496 12 GMS Ophthalmology Cases GMS Ophthalmol Cases 07 Choroidal osteoma is a rare benign tumor which is found in the posterior pole of the eye. We herein describe multimodal imaging in two cases of choroidal osteoma. Fundus of our first case showed a yellowish-orange colored subretinal lesion at the posterior pole. Multicolor imaging highlighted the lesion with greenish hue. Infrared reflectance showed hyporeflectance. A dense echogenic plaque persisting in lower gain was noted on B-scan. FFA showed hyperfluorescence with corresponding hypocyanescence on ICG. EDI OCT showed an increase in choroidal thickness with elevated retinal pigment epithelium. The second case showed choroidal osteoma with active choroidal neovascular membrane that responded to intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab. IntroductionChoroidal osteoma (CO) is a rare benign tumor of the choroid which is composed of mature bone (trabecular and/or compact) and vascular channels . It was first described by Gass et al. in 1978 . It is mostly unilateral and usually affects healthy young women . It is found in the posterior pole of the eye, juxtapapillary, or in the macular region. We herein report multimodal imaging in two cases of CO. Case descriptionsCase 1A 14-year-old female came with diminution of vision in the right eye since 2 years. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/9 and 6/6 in the right and left eye, respectively. Anterior segment examination of both eyes was unremarkable. Fundus examination of the right eye showed a subretinal, yellowish-orange colored lesion of approximately three disc diameters in size in the macula, whereas that of the left eye was normal (Figure 1a ). B-s</PlainText></TextGroup>can of the right eye demonstrated a densely hyperechoic concave band at the level of the choroid, with back shadowing that persisted on decreased gain (Figure 1b <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). On fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), the lesion showed granular hyperfluorescence in mid-phase that faded in the late phase (Figure 1c <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). Indocyanine green angiography (ICG) showed hypocyanescence in the corresponding region (Figure 1d <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) showed an increase in choroidal thickness with elevated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Figure 1e <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) was not present. Multicolor imaging (MC) highlighted the lesion showing greenish hue (<TextGroup><PlainText>Figure 2a </PlainText></TextGroup><ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>). Infrared reflectance (IR) (Figure 2b <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>) showed hyporeflectance corresponding to the lesion. The lesion could not be picked up on green reflectance (GR) (<TextGroup><PlainText>Figure 2c </PlainText></TextGroup><ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>) and blue reflectance (BR) (Figure 2d <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>). A diagnosis of CO was made, and the patient was asked to come for regular follow-up.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Case 2</SubHeadline><Pgraph>A 19-year-old female came with diminution of vision in the right eye since 2 weeks. BCVA was 6/18 and 6/6 in the right and left eye, respectively. Anterior segment examination of both eyes was unremarkable. Fundus examination of the right eye showed a subretinal, yellowish-orange colored lesion of approximately five disc diameters in size in the peripapillary area involving the macula with areas of subretinal hemorrhage over the macula and inferior to the optic disc, whereas that of the left eye was normal (Figure 3a <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>). On FFA, the lesion showed granular hyperfluorescence with areas of blocked fluorescence in mid-phase (Figure 3b <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>). B-scan demonstrated hyperechoic choroidal lesion with back shadowing (Figure 3c <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>). EDI-OCT showed an increase in choroidal thickness with e<TextGroup><PlainText>levated RPE, al</PlainText></TextGroup>ong with CNV and subretinal fluid (<TextGroup><PlainText>Figure 3d </PlainText></TextGroup><ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>). MC highlighted the lesion, showing greenish hue (Figure 4a <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>). IR (Figure 4b <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>) showed a dark area in the corresponding region. The lesion could not be picked up on GR (Figure 4c <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>) and BR (Figure 4d <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>). A diagnosis of CO with active CNV was made. The patient was subjected to intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab (Accentrix). One month post injection, her BCVA improved to 6/9 in the right eye. MC showed orange discoloration at the posterior pole, suggestive of RPE atrophy overlying the CO (<TextGroup><PlainText>Figure 4e </PlainText></TextGroup><ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>). IR (Figure 4f <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>) showed white areas corresponding to RPE atrophy. Changes could not be appreciated in GR (Figure 4g <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>) and BR (Figure 4h <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>). EDI-OCT showed scarred CNV with resolution of subretinal fluid (<TextGroup><PlainText>Figure 3e </PlainText></TextGroup><ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>).</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock linked="yes" name="Discussion"> <MainHeadline>Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>CO is an ossifying tumor involving the choroid. Its natural course may include tumor growth, calcifcation and decalcifcation; vision depends on development of CNV and retinal changes due to decalcification <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. Though present from birth, it is usually diagnosed during the second or third decade of life. Though its etiology is unclear, it is usually diagnosed due to its typical clinical features of yellowish-orange colored subretinal lesion at the posterior pole and a dense echogenic plaque persisting even in lower gain on B-scan. FFA shows granular hyperfluorescence of the large yellow patches that fades on late films, or they may exhibit late staining. EDI-OCT has been able to reveal the presence of bone lamella, tubular lamella with optically empty center, vascular channels, and trabecular bone in patients with CO. MC helps in highlighting the lesion clearly. Venkatesh et al. have reported the role of MC in CO <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. In their study, MC images showed color variations depending upon the reflectivity of the tumor material and associated RPE atrophy. Green color was noted in calcified CO tumor, while decalcified CO tumor showed no color change. RPE atrophy were seen as bright orange areas. Green and blue reflectance images were not able to pick up the CO lesion. IR images showed calcified CO lesions as hyporeflectance (dark) areas, while decalcified lesions were seen as iso reflectance (normal) areas. Overlying RPE atrophy on IR were seen as white areas <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. In both of our cases, green color on MC and hyporeflectance on IR suggest calcified CO tumor. Thus, change in reflectance of the IR and MC images can be used as an indicator to assess the extent of tumor decalcification. CO must be differentiated mainly from amelanotic choroidal melanoma, choroidal nevus, choroidal hemangioma, choroidal metastasis, organized subretinal hemorrhage, sclerochoroidal calcification, posterior scleritis, and age-related macular degeneration. However, its distinct clinical and ultrasonographic presentation aids in the diagnosis. Most patients do not require treatment. CNV should be ruled out on long-term follow-up <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. In the presence of CNV, treatment can be given with anti-VEGF similar to our second case <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Transpupillary thermotherapy <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink> and photodyamic therapy (PDT) or their combined treatment <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> have also been shown to be effective in cases of CNV.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock linked="yes" name="Notes"> <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <References linked="yes"> <Reference refNo="1"> <RefAuthor>Shields CL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Shields JA</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Augsburger JJ</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>1988</RefYear> <RefJournal>Surv Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>17-27</RefPage> <RefTotal>Shields CL, Shields JA, Augsburger JJ. Choroidal osteoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988 Jul-Aug;33(1):17-27. DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(88)90069-0</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6257(88)90069-0</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="2"> <RefAuthor>Gass JD</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Guerry RK</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Jack RL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Harris G</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Choroidal Osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>1978</RefYear> <RefJournal>Arch Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>428-35</RefPage> <RefTotal>Gass JD, Guerry RK, Jack RL, Harris G. Choroidal Osteoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978 Mar;96(3):428-35. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910050204002</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1978.03910050204002</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="3"> <RefAuthor>Shields CL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Sun H</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Demirci H</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Shields JA</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Factors predictive of tumor growth, tumor decalcification, choroidal neovascularization, and visual outcome in 74 eyes with choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>2005</RefYear> <RefJournal>Arch Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>1658-66</RefPage> <RefTotal>Shields CL, Sun H, Demirci H, Shields JA. Factors predictive of tumor growth, tumor decalcification, choroidal neovascularization, and visual outcome in 74 eyes with choroidal osteoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;123(12):1658-66. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.123.12.1658</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.123.12.1658</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="4"> <RefAuthor>Shields CL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Perez B</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Materin MA</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Mehta S</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Shields JA</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Optical coherence tomography of choroidal osteoma in 22 cases: evidence for photoreceptor atrophy over the decalcified portion of the tumor</RefTitle> <RefYear>2007</RefYear> <RefJournal>Ophthalmology</RefJournal> <RefPage>e53-8</RefPage> <RefTotal>Shields CL, Perez B, Materin MA, Mehta S, Shields JA. Optical coherence tomography of choroidal osteoma in 22 cases: evidence for photoreceptor atrophy over the decalcified portion of the tumor. Ophthalmology. 2007 Dec;114(12):e53-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.07.037</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.07.037</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="5"> <RefAuthor>Venkatesh R</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Bavaharan B</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Yadav NK</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Saurabh K</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Srinivasan P</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Mahendradas P</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Prabhu V</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Roy R</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Multicolor imaging in choroidal osteomas</RefTitle> <RefYear>2018</RefYear> <RefJournal>Int J Retina Vitreous</RefJournal> <RefPage>46</RefPage> <RefTotal>Venkatesh R, Bavaharan B, Yadav NK, Saurabh K, Srinivasan P, Mahendradas P, Prabhu V, Roy R. Multicolor imaging in choroidal osteomas. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2018 Dec;4:46. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-018-0150-y</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-018-0150-y</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="6"> <RefAuthor>Aylward GW</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Chang TS</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Pautler SE</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Gass JD</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>A long-term follow-up of choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>1998</RefYear> <RefJournal>Arch Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>1337-41</RefPage> <RefTotal>Aylward GW, Chang TS, Pautler SE, Gass JD. A long-term follow-up of choroidal osteoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Oct;116(10):1337-41. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.116.10.1337</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.116.10.1337</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="7"> <RefAuthor>Yoshikawa T</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Takahashi K</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Long-term outcomes of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>2015</RefYear> <RefJournal>Clin Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>429-37</RefPage> <RefTotal>Yoshikawa T, Takahashi K. Long-term outcomes of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal osteoma. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015 Mar;9:429-37. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S78817</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S78817</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="8"> <RefAuthor>Shields CL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Salazar PF</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Demirci H</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Benson WE</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Shields JA</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) and ranibizumab (lucentis) for choroidal neovascularization overlying choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>2008</RefYear> <RefJournal>Retin Cases Brief Rep</RefJournal> <RefPage>18-20</RefPage> <RefTotal>Shields CL, Salazar PF, Demirci H, Benson WE, Shields JA. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) and ranibizumab (lucentis) for choroidal neovascularization overlying choroidal osteoma. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2008 Winter;2(1):18-20. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0b013e318150d71b</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0b013e318150d71b</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="9"> <RefAuthor>Shukla D</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Tanawade RG</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Ramasamy K</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Transpupillary thermotherapy for subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane in choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>2006</RefYear> <RefJournal>Eye (Lond)</RefJournal> <RefPage>845-7</RefPage> <RefTotal>Shukla D, Tanawade RG, Ramasamy K. Transpupillary thermotherapy for subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane in choroidal osteoma. Eye (Lond). 2006 Jul;20(7):845-7. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702016</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6702016</RefLink> </Reference> <Reference refNo="10"> <RefAuthor>Jang JH</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Kim KH</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Lee SJ</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Park JM</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>Photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab in a patient with choroidal neovascularization secondary to choroidal osteoma</RefTitle> <RefYear>2012</RefYear> <RefJournal>Korean J Ophthalmol</RefJournal> <RefPage>478-80</RefPage> <RefTotal>Jang JH, Kim KH, Lee SJ, Park JM. Photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab in a patient with choroidal neovascularization secondary to choroidal osteoma. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2012 Dec;26(6):478-80. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.478</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.478</RefLink> </Reference> </References> <Media> <Tables> <NoOfTables>0</NoOfTables> </Tables> <Figures> <Figure format="png" height="897" width="659"> <MediaNo>1</MediaNo> <MediaID>1</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 1: a) Color fundus photograph of the right eye shows a subretinal, yellowish-orange colored lesion in the macula (arrows). b) B-scan shows a densely hyperechoic concave band at the level of the choroid with back shadowing. c) On FFA, the lesion shows fading of hyperfluorescence in the late phase. d) ICG shows hypocyanescence in the corresponding region. e) EDI-OCT shows an increase in choroidal thickness with elevated retinal pigment epithelium (arrows).</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure format="png" height="692" width="689"> <MediaNo>2</MediaNo> <MediaID>2</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 2: a) Multicolor image highlights the lesion showing greenish hue (arrows). b) Infrared reflectance shows hyporeflectance corresponding to lesion (arrows). c) Lesion cannot be picked up on green reflectance and d) on blue reflectance.</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure format="png" height="568" width="962"> <MediaNo>3</MediaNo> <MediaID>3</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 3: a) Color fundus photograph of the right eye shows a subretinal, yellowish-orange colored lesion in the peripapillary area involving the macula (arrows) with subretinal hemorrhage over the macula and inferior to the optic disc. b) On FFA, the lesion shows granular hyperfluorescence with areas of blocked fluorescence in mid-phase. c) B-scan shows a hyperechoic choroidal lesion with back shadowing. d) EDI-OCT shows an increase in choroidal thickness (blue arrows) with elevated RPE, along with CNV (red arrow) and subretinal fluid (yellow arrow). e) EDI-OCT shows scarred CNV (red arrow) with resolution of subretinal fluid (yellow arrow) after 1 month of intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab.</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure format="png" height="615" width="1242"> <MediaNo>4</MediaNo> <MediaID>4</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 4: a) Multicolor image highlights the lesion showing greenish hue (arrows). b) Infrared reflectance shows a dark area corresponding to the tumor (arrows). c) The lesion could not be picked up on green reflectance, and d) on blue reflectance. e) On follow-up, multicolor image shows orange discoloration at the posterior pole, suggestive of RPE atrophy overlying the CO (arrow). f) Infrared reflectance shows white areas corresponding to RPE atrophy (arrow). g) Changes are not evident in green reflectance, and h) in blue reflectance.</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <NoOfPictures>4</NoOfPictures> </Figures> <InlineFigures> <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures> </InlineFigures> <Attachments> <NoOfAttachments>0</NoOfAttachments> </Attachments> </Media> </OrigData> </GmsArticle>