iprs000005
10.3205/iprs000005
urn:nbn:de:0183-iprs0000054
Review Article
Panniculus, giant hernias and surgical problems in patients with morbid obesity
Probleme der Pannusresektion bei morbider Adipositas
Hillenbrand
Hillenbrand
Andreas
A
Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 9, 89073 Ulm, GermanyUniversitätsklinikum Ulm, Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- u. Transplantationschirurgie, Ulm, Germany
Andreas.Hillenbrand@uniklinik-ulm.de
author
Henne-Bruns
Henne-Bruns
Doris
D
Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- u. Transplantationschirurgie, Ulm, Germany
Doris.Henne-Bruns@uniklinik-ulm.de
author
Wolf
Wolf
Anna M.
AM
Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- u. Transplantationschirurgie, Ulm, Germany
Anna-Maria.Wolf@uniklinik-ulm.de
author
German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
Düsseldorf
610
panniculus
morbid obesity
incarcerated hernia
panniculus resection
Pannus
inkarzerierte Hernie
morbide Adipositas
Pannusresektion
2012010920160310
engl
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. You are free: to Share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.
Dieser Artikel ist ein Open Access-Artikel und steht unter den Creative Commons Lizenzbedingungen. Er darf vervielfältigt, verbreitet und öffentlich zugänglich gemacht werden, vorausgesetzt dass Autor und Quelle genannt werden.
2193-8091
1
GMS Interdisciplinary Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery DGPW
GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW
05
20160309ISSN added
Mit der weltweiten Zunahme der Adipositas haben insbesondere auch die Patienten in ihrer Anzahl zugenommen, die eine Adipositas Grad III (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) aufweisen.Neben den bekannten adipositas-assoziierten Co-Morbiditäten werden Chirurgen dabei mit Patienten konfrontiert, die einen massiven Pannus aufweisen, der neben dem hohen Gewicht auch zu lebensbedrohlichen Komplikationen führen kann (inkarzerierte Bauchwandhernien, rezidivierende Infektionen im Fettgewebe). Eine in den Pannus inkarzerierte Hernie sowie eine schwere akute Exazerbation einer chronischen Entzündung bedürfen einer umgehenden chirurgischen Therapie und stellen eine chirurgische Herausforderung dar. Diese Arbeit möchte eine Einführung in den Umgang mit einem Pannus und den daraus resultierenden Komplikationen aufzeigen, die peri- und intraoperativ besondere Anforderungen an die behandelnden Therapeuten stellen. Weiterhin soll ein kurzer Überblick über die Literatur gegeben werden.
Prevalence of morbid obesity is rising. Along with it, the adipose associated co-morbidities increase – included panniculus morbidus, the end stage of obesity of the abdominal wall. In the course of time panniculus often develop a herniation of bowel. An incarcerated hernia and acute exacerbation of a chronic inflammation of the panniculus must be treated immediately and presents a surgical challenge. The resection of such massive abdominal panniculus presents several technical problems to the surgeon. Preparation of long standing or fixed hernias may require demanding adhesiolysis. The wound created is huge and difficult to manage, and accompanied by considerable complications at the outset. We provide a comprehensive overview of a possible approach for panniculectomy and hernia repair and overlook of the existing literature.
IntroductionPrevalence of morbid obesity in adults – also termed class III or extreme obesity (body mass index (BMI) <![CDATA[≥40 kg</PlainText></TextGroup>/m<Superscript>2</Superscript>), is rising and predicted to rise further over the next twenty to thirty years. Prevalence of severe obesity is increasing at a much faster rate than is the prevalence of moderate obesity <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Along with morbid obesity, the adipose associated co-morbidities increase – included panniculus morbidus, the end stage of obesity of the abdominal wall <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Obesity has long been considered a risk factor for the development of primary and incisional ventral hernia <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink> and panniculus often includes an infraumbilical abdominal hernia. Due to the increase of morbid obesity, surgeons are more often confronted with the repair of these complex hernias – and hernia repair often requires a simultaneous panniculectomy.</Pgraph><Pgraph>In these hernias particularly bowel incarceration poses a serious problem, since these patients require a prompt surgical intervention without adequate preparation. Apart from hernias, also an acute exacerbation of a chronic inflammation of the panniculus potentially requires an immediate panniculectomy. With this review, we want to provide a comprehensive overview of a possible approach for panniculectomy and hernia repair and overlook of the existing literature. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Symptoms – operative procedure – panniculectomy">
<MainHeadline>Symptoms – operative procedure – panniculectomy</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The majority of morbidly obese (MO) patients present with various sized panniculus, which is classified according to Igwe Jr et al. <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> (Figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>):</Pgraph><Pgraph>Group I – patients with a panniculus that covers the hairline and the mons pubis but not the genitals</Pgraph><Pgraph>Group II – extends to cover the genitals</Pgraph><Pgraph>Group III – extends to cover the upper thigh</Pgraph><Pgraph>Group IV – extends to cover the mid thigh</Pgraph><Pgraph>Group V – extends to cover the knees or beyond</Pgraph><Pgraph>Bowel incarceration in panniculus morbidus is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms of incarcerated hernia, i.e. bowel obstruction (nausea and vomiting) associated with overall discomfort and a more aggressive abdominal pain. Due to the large panniculus morbidus in most cases no bulge is palpable. Due to late presentation of the patient and therefore a potentially delayed diagnosis, patients often present in a pre-septic state. </Pgraph><Pgraph>MO patients with an acute exacerbation of a chronic inflammation of the panniculus also may present in a septic condition. Due to severe problems with hygiene and immobility a chronically infected panniculus morbidus is often not adequately treated. A severe inflammation of the panniculus and acute bowel incarceration require a prompt surgical therapy. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Preoperatively, – if possible – an abdominal computed tomography scan should be obtained to determine the presence and extension of any hernia (Figure 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure"/>, Figure 3 <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="figure"/>) and – if possible – anterior upper iliac spine as well as midline should be marked at the patient in standing position.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Patient should be positioned on an appropriated operating table, suitable for patient’s weight with slight flexion at the waist and panniculus should be hoisted into the air with sterile ropes that are hung from a lifting system (Figure 4 <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="figure"/>). </Pgraph><Pgraph>Panniculectomy/separation of parts hernia repair are accomplished by excising a large horizontal ellipse with corners based at bilateral iliac crests starting with inferior incision, that is made approximately 5 cm above the symphysis pubis <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. The dissection is carried down to the abdominal wall/hernia sack with a superiorly orient<TextGroup><PlainText>ate</PlainText></TextGroup>d bevel <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. If an incarcerated hernia exists, it is necessary to open the hernia sack and to inspect the bowel. Necrotic bowel parts have to be resected. Hernias can be closed with primary suture, or reinforced with mesh.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The bevel of the superior incision is orientated in an inferior direction to avoid over resection of adipose tissue. The edges of the wound should fell together without tension. The abdominal wall should not be undermined, since over resection of adipose tissue will result in an uncontrollable dead space leading to devascularization, necros<TextGroup><PlainText>is</PlainText></TextGroup>, seroma, and infection. After accurate hemostasis, skin closure is performed over suction drains.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Discussion – considerations">
<MainHeadline>Discussion – considerations</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The resection of such massive abdominal panniculus presents several technical problems to the surgeon. One of the main issues is the need for elevation of the pannicus and its continued suspension above the operative field during the entire procedure. K-wires, towel clips, Steinmann pins, tourniquets, and different self-cons<TextGroup><PlainText>tructe</PlainText></TextGroup>d portable floor cranes and mechanical lift have been described <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. It is important to intraoperatively monitor central venous pressure, heart rate, and blood pressure, to realize any hemodynamic changes that may occur during patient's positioning on the operating table, since the sheer weight of the panniculus may compress the vena cava, and after lifting, the suspended panniculus leads often to a relevant reflows of blood and lymph into systemic circulation <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Preparation of long standing or fixed hernias may require demanding adhesiolysis with risk of bowel injuries during dividing of the adhesions which can be disastrous, especially if they are missed.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Prompt recognition of a bowel injury is crucial to avoid serious significant contamination and morbidity. Contamination due to bowel injury also can necessitate a second operation after completion of adhesiolysis with a delayed herniorrhaphy after 3–6 days. The omentum can be resected to create more space for intestinal loops in the narrowed abdominal cavity.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Herniorrhaphy of these complex hernias may also necessitate the application of synthetic meshes <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Mesh reconstruction could be performed by large-scale bilateral preperitoneal mesh augmentation (open technique popularized by Stoppa <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>). Otherwise several further or combined methods are described like an intraperitoneal onlay mesh <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> or components separation technique (separation of external oblique muscle from the internal oblique muscle as far laterally as possible) <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>. Mesh associated potential complications are deep abscesses requiring surgery and removal of the mesh <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. A re-herniation rate of 5% up to 50% is described after a mean follow-up of up to three years <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Morbid obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The wound created is huge and difficult to manage, and accompanied by considerable complications at the outset. Frequent complications are wound infection and dehiscence, hematoma formation, skin necrosis, and respiratory distress <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. Especially excision of the hernia sac results in a potential space that should be drained, otherwise it may fill with serous fluid in the postoperative period. Such seromas are common, may be self-limiting or may require therapeutic aspiration of fluid <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Besides post operative wound complications, rhabdomyo<TextGroup><PlainText>lysi</PlainText></TextGroup>s after bariatric surgery is a common complication <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. It is caused by pressure (body weight)-conditioned skeletal muscle ischemia especially after longer surgical time. As a consequence renal failure can develop. To prevent rhabdomyolysis, patient position should be changed intra- and postoperatively <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Conclusion">
<MainHeadline>Conclusion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Development of panniculus morbidus is a growing problem with increased prevalence of morbid obesity. Resection of panniculus morbidus is indicated for a second degree panniculus <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. The resection at early stage can prevent complications like the development of hernias or recurrent infections and will improve the quality of life. A chronically infected panniculus is a surgical problem deserving earlier recognition and resection <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. In the course of time panniculus often develop a herniation of bowel. An incarcerated hernia must be treated immediately and presents a surgical challenge. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Notes">
<MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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