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    <Identifier>zma001552</Identifier>
    <IdentifierDoi>10.3205/zma001552</IdentifierDoi>
    <IdentifierUrn>urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0015529</IdentifierUrn>
    <ArticleType language="en">commentary</ArticleType>
    <ArticleType language="de">Kommentar</ArticleType>
    <TitleGroup>
      <Title language="en">Teaching staff in interprofessional education: A proposed terminology</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Lehrende in der interprofessionellen Bildung: Ein Vorschlag zur Terminologie</TitleTranslated>
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          <Lastname>Ulrich</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Ulrich</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Gert</Firstname>
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          <AcademicTitle>Dr.</AcademicTitle>
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        <Address language="en">Careum Foundation, Department of strategy and innovation, Pestalozzistr. 3, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland, Phone: &#43;41 43 222 64 26<Affiliation>Careum Foundation, Department of strategy and innovation, Zurich, Switzerland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Careum Stiftung, Abteilung Strategie und Innovation, Pestalozzistr. 3, CH-8032 Z&#252;rich, Schweiz, Tel.: &#43;41 43 222 64 26<Affiliation>Careum Stiftung, Abteilung Strategie und Innovation, Z&#252;rich, Schweiz</Affiliation></Address>
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          <Lastname>Amstad</Lastname>
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          <Firstname>Hermann</Firstname>
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        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>amstad-kor, Basel, Switzerland</Affiliation>
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        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>amstad-kor, Basel, Schweiz</Affiliation>
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        <Email>contact&#64;amstad-kor.ch</Email>
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          <Lastname>Glardon</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Glardon</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Olivier</Firstname>
          <Initials>O</Initials>
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        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Society of Swiss Veterinarians, Bern, Switzerland</Affiliation>
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        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Gesellschaft Schweizer Tier&#228;rztinnen und Tier&#228;rzte, Bern, Schweiz</Affiliation>
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        <Email>oglardon.president&#64;gstsvs.ch</Email>
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          <Lastname>Kaap-Fr&#246;hlich</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Kaap-Fr&#246;hlich</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Sylvia</Firstname>
          <Initials>S</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of chemistry and biotechnology, W&#228;denswil, Switzerland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Z&#252;rcher Hochschule f&#252;r Angewandte Wissenschaften, Institut f&#252;r Chemie und Biotechnologie, W&#228;denswil, Schweiz</Affiliation>
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        <Email>kaap&#64;zhaw.ch</Email>
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    <PublisherList>
      <Publisher>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">terminology</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">facilitator</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">supervisor</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">educator</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">teacher</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">interprofessional collaboration</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Terminologie</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Vermittler</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Betreuer</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Ausbilder</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Lehrer</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit</Keyword>
      <SectionHeading language="en">interprofessional education</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Interprofessionelle Ausbildung</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20220317</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20220426</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20220511</DateAccepted>
    <DatePublishedList>
      
    <DatePublished>20220715</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
    <License license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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    <SourceGroup>
      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>39</Volume>
        <Issue>3</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
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    <ArticleNo>31</ArticleNo>
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    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph>Im Bereich der interprofessionellen Bildung und Zusammenarbeit werden verschiedene Begrifflichkeiten (z.B. interprofessionell, multiprofessionell, interdisziplin&#228;r) mitunter wenig trennscharf oder nicht sinngem&#228;&#223; verwendet. In den letzten Jahren haben hier einschl&#228;gige Diskussionsbeitr&#228;ge zur weiteren Kl&#228;rung in englischsprachigen Publikationen als auch im deutschsprachigen Raum beigetragen. Jedoch finden sich keine internationalen oder gar auf den DACH-Raum (Deutschland, &#214;sterreich, Schweiz) bezogenen terminologischen Kl&#228;rungen zur Benennung der Lehrenden im Bereich der IPE (interprofessional education, IPE). Die Charakteristik von Lehrenden im Bereich der IPE ver&#228;ndert sich von der traditionellen Expert&#42;innenrolle hin zur Rolle von Lernbegleitenden. Zudem ist evident, dass Lehrende eine zentrale Rolle zum Gelingen von interprofessionellen Lehr-&#47;Lernveranstaltungen beitragen. In der einschl&#228;gigen Literatur und im allt&#228;glichen Sprachgebrauch finden sich viele verschiedene Bezeichnungen f&#252;r interprofessionell Lehrende. Daher sollte eine einheitliche und ad&#228;quate Benennung dieser Lehrenden erfolgen. Auf Basis von Literaturrecherchen m&#246;chte der vorliegende Kommentar Vorschl&#228;ge zur Bezeichnung von Lehrenden im Feld der IPE und folglich eine Diskussionsgrundlage f&#252;r den DACH-Raum liefern. Unter Ber&#252;cksichtigung der vorgenommenen Literaturanalyse und dem damit einhergehenden Verst&#228;ndnis sowie den Rollen von Lehrenden in IPE-Settings, wird die englische Bezeichnung &#8222;IP facilitator&#8220; (IP f&#252;r interprofessionell) auch f&#252;r den deutschsprachigen Raum bzw. &#8222;facilitateur IP&#8220; f&#252;r den franz&#246;sischsprachigen Raum vorgeschlagen. Im Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/> des Artikels wurde eine franz&#246;sischsprachige &#220;bersetzung des Beitrags angef&#252;gt, um so eine breitere Diskussion in der Schweiz zu erm&#246;glichen.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph>Different terms (e.g., interprofessional, multiprofessional, interdisciplinary) are used in interprofessional education and collaboration without sufficient differentiation or precision in regard to meaning. In recent years academic publications in English and German have contributed to clarifying this issue. However, there are no definitions internationally or in the German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) specifically referring to the people engaged in teaching interprofessional education. Teaching in interprofessional education has evolved from the traditional role of expert to one of mentor or facilitator. It is also evident that those who teach play a central role in the success of interprofessional courses. While many different designations are used to refer to interprofessional teachers in the relevant literature and in the language of daily use, a uniform and adequate terminology should be used to refer to such teaching staff. Based on literature reviews, this commentary seeks to propose terms for teaching staff active in the area of interprofessional education and thus provide a basis for discussion in the German-speaking countries. Taking the results of the literature analysis and the roles of teachers in interprofessional settings into consideration, we propose that the English term &#8220;IP facilitator&#8221; (IP for interprofessional) should also be used in the German-speaking world and &#8220;facilitateur IP&#8221; in the French-speaking world. A French translation is included in attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/> to enable broader discussion in Switzerland.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="1. Introduction">
      <MainHeadline>1. Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Many terms are used in the context of interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) in healthcare, in part without clear differentiation or precision of meaning (inter-, intra-, multi- or transprofessional, inter- or multidisciplinary, etc.). Help in interpreting these terminologies from an international or English-language perspective is found in Khalili et al. <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink> and for German speakers in Mitzkat et al. <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. Those who teach are described as a central factor in the success of interprofessional learning settings <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Despite the presence of many confusing terms in the literature to identify and describe this group of people <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, there is, to our knowledge, no clarification of the terminology internationally or in the German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland).</Pgraph><Pgraph>Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose a uniform terminology based on literature reviews for teaching staff in IPE settings, both in general and specifically for the German-speaking world, along with a French translation for Switzerland. Naturally, this proposal can and should be discussed and debated further.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="1. Einleitung">
      <MainHeadline>1. Einleitung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Im Kontext der interprofessionellen Bildung (interprofessional education, IPE) und der interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit (interprofessional collaborative practice, IPCP) im Gesundheitswesen wird eine Vielzahl von Begriffen teilweise ohne klare Trennsch&#228;rfe oder nicht sinngem&#228;&#223; verwendet (inter-, intra-, multi- oder transprofessionell, inter- oder multidisziplin&#228;r etc.). Hilfreiche terminologische Auslegungen aus internationaler bzw. englischsprachiger Perspektive finden sich diesbez&#252;glich bei Khalili et al. <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink> oder f&#252;r den deutschsprachigen Raum bei Mitzkat et al. <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. Lehrende werden f&#252;r das Gelingen von interprofessionellen Bildungssettings als zentrale Erfolgsfaktoren beschrieben <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. In der Literatur findet sich eine verwirrende terminologische Vielfalt zur Benennung dieser Personengruppe <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, jedoch liegen unseres Wissens keine internationalen oder gar auf den DACH-Raum (Deutschland, &#214;sterreich, Schweiz) bezogenen terminologischen Kl&#228;rungen vor. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Ziel des Beitrags ist es daher, auf Basis von Literaturrecherchen eine einheitliche Benennung der Lehrenden in IPE Settings zun&#228;chst generell, aber auch insbesondere f&#252;r den deutschsprachigen DACH-Raum vorzuschlagen und f&#252;r die Schweiz zus&#228;tzlich eine franz&#246;sischsprachige Variante abzuleiten. Dieser Vorschlag kann und soll selbstverst&#228;ndlich weiter diskutiert werden.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="2. Teaching staff in interprofessional education settings">
      <MainHeadline>2. Teaching staff in interprofessional education settings</MainHeadline><SubHeadline2>2.1. Roles of interprofessional teaching staff</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>In general, for many teachers engaged in IPE there is a switch from the traditional didactic role as experts to one of interactive, supportive mentors to enable interprofessional education in which the students can learn with, from and about each other <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. The actual act of educating in IPE is described in the literature with a great degree of consensus as &#8220;facilitating&#8221; <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. This specific role should also be captured by an appropriate term for those who teach interprofessionally. Reference is specifically made to Oandasan &#38; Reeves <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, Hylin <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, and Adhikari <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> for detailed explanations of the characteristics, roles and responsibilities of interprofessional teachers.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>2.2. Designations for interprofessional teaching staff</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Widely varying terms are found in the literature to describe interprofessional teaching staff, such as &#8220;facilitator&#8221;, &#8220;mentor&#8221;, &#8220;supervisor&#8221;, &#8220;coach&#8221;, &#8220;trainer&#8221;, &#8220;teacher&#8221;, &#8220;educator&#8221;, &#8220;counsellor&#8221;, &#8220;tutor&#8221; and even &#8220;preceptor&#8221;. It is also the case that in different health professions various terms are used for (monoprofessional) teachers or trainers and then applied to IPE in an uncritical manner <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The terms &#8220;mentor&#8221; and  &#8220;mentoring&#8221; are found, for example, in Marshall &#38; Gordon <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink> and Arthur &#38; Russell-Mayhew <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. These authors understand mentoring to mean the creation of conditions under which students and trainees of different professions can learn from and with each other. However, in other publications &#8220;mentoring&#8221; is described as going beyond educational settings to encompass the personal and professional development of the less experienced person <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. Explanations of &#8220;mentoring&#8221; as a concept also describe it as a relationship between only two people (dyadic), which does not explicitly correspond to the interprofessional setting <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>In contrast to &#8220;mentor&#8221;, the term &#8220;supervisor&#8221; is more widely present in the IPE literature, for example, in Oosterom et al. <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink> where this term is used to designate those teaching on interprofessional training wards. However, the word &#8220;supervisor&#8221; is used more traditionally in monoprofessional education <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, in one-on-one situations between &#8220;supervisors&#8221; and learners, and mainly &#8211; like &#8220;preceptors&#8221; &#8211; in practical post-graduate training in healthcare <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>. Hence, the term &#8220;supervisor&#8221; does not differentiate between monoprofessional and interprofessional education in a way that is distinct in Gribble et al. <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, who refer to profession-specific &#8220;supervisors&#8221; but to &#8220;facilitators&#8221; in the interprofessional context.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The term &#8220;facilitator&#8221; used in reference to interprofessional training staff is found particularly in relevant, often-cited reviews and guidelines <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>. Lie et al. <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>, for instance, range from using monoprofessional &#8220;clinician educator&#8221; to interprofessional &#8220;facilitator&#8221;, and Brewer &#38; Barr <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink> speak not only of the &#8220;supervisor&#8221; but also the &#8220;facilitator&#8221;, yet mainly use the term &#8220;facilitator&#8221; for IPE teachers in their paper. Reeves et al. <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> also use multiple terms (&#8220;teacher&#8221;, &#8220;mentor&#8221;, &#8220;preceptor&#8221; and &#8220;supervisor&#8221;) while favoring &#8220;facilitator&#8221; and using it elsewhere. The term &#8220;facilitator&#8221; is also used outside of clinical IPE, such as in interprofessional classrooms, simulations, and e-learning <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>. Admittedly, the term &#8220;facilitator&#8221; is not reserved solely for IPE settings. This term is also used in problem-based learning (PBL) <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, where &#8220;PBL facilitators&#8221; are specifically discussed <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Selected German publications speak, in part, of &#8220;Lehrende&#8221; <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, &#8220;Lernbegleitende&#8221; <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> and also &#8220;facilitators&#8221; <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. When looking at German interprofessional training wards, Mihaljevic et al. <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> and Mette et al. <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink> differ by speaking in German of &#8220;Lernbegleitende&#8221; <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> and &#8220;Supervisoren&#8221; <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, respectively, while referring to &#8220;facilitators&#8221; in the English translations of their papers.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Ultimately, the role of interprofessional teaching staff must also be differentiated from that of &#8220;educator&#8221; or &#8220;teacher&#8221;. Education refers to two processes that are dependent on each other: teaching and learning, whereby teaching is particularly associated with giving deliberate and planned instruction <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, which contradicts the nature of instruction in IPE settings. Thus, it is impossible to use &#8220;educator&#8221; or &#8220;teacher&#8221; as appropriate descriptions in the context of IPE.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>2.3. Terms for interprofessional teachers in newer systematic reviews</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>In addition to this narrative literature review, we wanted to know how frequently different terms were used to describe interprofessional teaching staff in the more recent literature. To answer this question, all systematic reviews from the last seven years containing &#34;interprofessional education&#34; in the title were screened for terminology <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Only five of 26 systematic reviews looked at interprofessional teaching staff as a main focus. The term &#8220;educator&#8221; was used most often, if only peripherally and including the variations &#8220;IP educator&#8221; and &#8220;healthcare educator&#8221; (16 reviews). This was followed by &#8220;teacher&#8221; and &#8220;facilitator&#8221; (6 reviews each) and &#8220;preceptor&#8221; (5 reviews). &#8220;Supervisor&#8221;, &#8220;trainer&#8221;, &#8220;mentor&#8221;, or &#8220;tutor&#8221; were used only sporadically (1-2 reviews). &#8220;Coach&#8221; and &#8220;counsellor&#8221; were not found in any of the reviews.</Pgraph><Pgraph>It is evident from this analysis that even in the more recent systematic reviews a variety of terms are still being used for IPE teaching staff without any critical discussion or are simply being borrowed unquestioned from monoprofessional settings and applied to IPE.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="2. Lehrende in interprofessionellen Bildungssettings">
      <MainHeadline>2. Lehrende in interprofessionellen Bildungssettings</MainHeadline><SubHeadline2>2.1. Rollen interprofessionell Lehrender</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Prinzipiell geht es f&#252;r viele Lehrende in der IPE um den Wechsel von der traditionell didaktischen Rolle als Expert&#42;in hin zu einer interaktiven, unterst&#252;tzenden und begleitenden Rolle, um das interprofessionelle Lernen von-, mit- und &#252;bereinander f&#252;r die Auszubildenden zu erm&#246;glichen <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. Die eigentliche T&#228;tigkeit des Lehrens im Bereich der IPE wird in der Literatur recht &#252;bereinstimmend als &#8222;to facilitate&#8220; (dt.: &#8222;erleichtern&#8220;, &#8222;erm&#246;glichen&#8220;, &#8222;f&#246;rdern&#8220; oder &#8222;unterst&#252;tzen&#8220;) charakterisiert <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Diese spezifische Rolle sollte sich auch in einer entsprechend passenden Bezeichnung der interprofessionell Lehrenden widerspiegeln. F&#252;r eine ausf&#252;hrlichere Lekt&#252;re zu den Eigenschaften, Rollen und Aufgaben von interprofessionell Lehrenden sei insbesondere auf die Beitr&#228;ge von Oandasan &#38; Reeves <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, Hylin <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink> sowie Adhikari <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> verwiesen. </Pgraph><SubHeadline2>2.2. Bezeichnungen f&#252;r interprofessionell Lehrende</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>In der Literatur werden f&#252;r interprofessionell Lehrende verschiedenste Begriffe, wie z.B. &#8222;facilitator, mentor, supervisor, coach, trainer, teacher, educator, counsellor, tutor&#8220; oder auch &#8222;preceptor&#8220; verwendet. Hinzu kommt, dass in verschiedenen Gesundheitsfachberufen unterschiedliche Bezeichnungen f&#252;r (monoprofessionell) Ausbildende verwendet (wie z.B. &#8222;mentor&#8220; oder &#8222;supervisor&#8220;) und unreflektiert auf den Bereich der IPE &#252;bertragen werden <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Der Begriff des &#8222;mentoring&#8221; bzw. des &#8222;mentor&#8221; findet sich z.B. bei Marshall &#38; Gordon <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink> sowie bei Arthur &#38; Russell-Mayhew <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Diese Autor&#42;innen verstehen unter &#8222;Mentoring&#8221;, Bedingungen f&#252;r Lernende zu schaffen, um von und mit Studierenden jeweils anderer Professionen zu lernen. Allerdings wird an anderen Stellen beschrieben, dass das &#8222;mentoring&#8221; &#252;ber Bildungssettings hinausgeht und auf eine gesamthafte Unterst&#252;tzung bei der Entwicklung von Ideen und der pers&#246;nlichen und beruflichen Entwicklung der weniger erfahrenen Person abzielt <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. Er&#246;rterungen zum Begriff &#8222;mentoring&#8221; beschreiben dar&#252;ber hinaus ein Verh&#228;ltnis nur zwischen zwei Personen (dyadisch), was interprofessionellen Settings ebenfalls nicht explizit entspricht <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Im Gegensatz zum &#8222;mentor&#8221; ist der Begriff &#8222;supervisor&#8221; in der IPE Literatur st&#228;rker verbreitet, so z.B. bei Oosterom et al. <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, die den Begriff f&#252;r Lernbegleitende auf interprofessionellen Ausbildungsstationen benutzen. Allerdings wird der &#8222;supervisor&#8221; eher traditionell f&#252;r die monoprofessionelle Ausbildung verwendet <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink> sowie f&#252;r Eins-zu-Eins Situationen zwischen &#8222;supervisor&#8221; und Lernendem und noch dazu haupts&#228;chlich &#8211; &#228;hnlich wie der &#8222;preceptor&#8221; (dt. etwa: &#8222;Ausbilder&#42;in, Lehrmeister&#42;in, Einweiser&#42;in&#8221;) &#8211; f&#252;r den praktischen post-gradualen Bereich in der Versorgungspraxis <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>. Mit dem &#8222;supervisor&#8221; wird daher nicht trennscharf zwischen monoprofessioneller und interprofessioneller Ausbildungst&#228;tigkeit differenziert, was z.B. bei Gribble et al. <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink> klar zum Ausdruck kommt, die professionsspezifisch von &#8222;supervisors&#8221;, jedoch im interprofessionellen Kontext von &#8222;facilitators&#8221; sprechen.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Insbesondere in einschl&#228;gigen, h&#228;ufig zitierten Reviews und Guidelines <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink> ist vom Begriff &#8222;facilitator&#8221; f&#252;r interprofessionell Lehrende zu lesen. Lie et al. <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink> f&#252;hren bspw. vom monoprofessionellen &#8222;clinician educator&#8221; hin zum interprofessionellen &#8222;facilitator&#8221;, und Brewer &#38; Barr <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink> benennen sowohl den &#8222;supervisor&#8221; als auch den &#8222;facilitator&#8221;, verwenden jedoch im Verlaufe ihres Artikels haupts&#228;chlich den Begriff des &#8222;facilitator&#8221; f&#252;r die IPE Lehrenden. Reeves et al. <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink> stellen ebenfalls mehrere Begrifflichkeiten f&#252;r IPE Lehrende fest (&#8222;teacher, mentor, preceptor&#8221; und &#8222;supervisor&#8221;), favorisieren und benutzen jedoch in den weiteren Ausf&#252;hrungen den &#8222;facilitator&#8221;. Der Begriff des &#8222;facilitator&#8221; wird auch abseits der klinischen IPE verwendet, wie z.B. in interprofessionellen &#8222;classrooms&#8221;, &#8222;simulations&#8221; und &#8222;e-learnings&#8221; <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>. Allerdings ist der &#8222;facilitator&#8221; nicht allein IPE Settings vorbehalten. Auch im Bereich des problembasierten Lernens (problem-based learning, PBL) findet sich diese Bezeichnung <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, wobei mitunter spezifisch von &#8222;PBL facilitators&#8221; gesprochen wird <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>In ausgew&#228;hlten deutschsprachigen Publikationen wird z.T. von Lehrenden <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, von Lernbegleitenden <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> oder auch von &#8222;facilitators&#8220; <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink> gesprochen. Mit Blick auf deutsche interprofessionelle Ausbildungsstationen sprechen Mihaljevic et al. <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> und Mette et al. <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink> unterschiedlich von &#8222;Lernbegleitenden&#8221; <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> und &#8222;Supervisor&#42;innen&#8221; <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, in der englischen &#220;bersetzung Ihres Papers dann wiederum jeweils von &#8222;facilitators&#8220;.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Letztlich muss die Rolle der interprofessionell Lehrenden auch zum &#8222;educator&#8220; bzw. &#8222;teacher&#8220; abgegrenzt werden. &#8222;Education&#8220; bezieht sich auf zwei voneinander abh&#228;ngige Vorg&#228;nge, dem Lehren (teaching) und Lernen (learning), wobei insbesondere &#8222;teaching&#8220; verbunden ist mit bewussten intendierten und geplanten Instruktionen <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, was dem Lehren in IPE Settings widerspricht. Folglich k&#246;nnen weder &#8222;educator&#8220; noch &#8222;teacher&#8220; passende Beschreibungen f&#252;r Lehrende im Bereich IPE sein.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>2.3. Bezeichnungen f&#252;r interprofessionell Lehrende in neueren systematischen Reviews</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Zus&#228;tzlich zu dieser narrativen Literaturrecherche wollten wir wissen, wie h&#228;ufig verschiedene Bezeichnungen f&#252;r interprofessionell Lehrende in der neueren Literatur verwendet werden. Dazu wurden alle systematischen Reviews der letzten sieben Jahre, die &#8222;interprofessional education&#8220; im Titel aufwiesen, auf die jeweiligen Bezeichnungen untersucht <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Lediglich in 5 der insgesamt 26 systematischen Reviews wurden interprofessionell Lehrende &#252;berhaupt zu einem zentralen Thema gemacht. Am h&#228;ufigsten, wenn auch nur randst&#228;ndig, wurde der Begriff des &#8222;educator&#8220; auch in der Variation des &#8222;IP educator&#8220; oder &#8222;healthcare educator&#8220; (in 16 Reviews), gefolgt von &#8222;teacher&#8220; und &#8222;facilitator&#8220; (jeweils in 6 Reviews) sowie &#8222;preceptor&#8220; (in 5 Reviews) benutzt. &#8222;Supervisor&#8220;, &#8222;trainer&#8220;, &#8222;mentor&#8220; oder &#8222;tutor&#8220; wurden nur vereinzelt (in 1 bis 2 Reviews) verwendet. &#8222;Coach&#8220; und &#8222;counsellor&#8220; wurden in keinem der Reviews gefunden. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Aus diesen Analysen wird offensichtlich, dass auch in den neueren systematischen Reviews nach wie vor unterschiedliche Benennungen IPE Lehrender vorliegen und ohne tiefgehende Diskussion verwendet bzw. aus monoprofessionellen Settings unhinterfragt auf den Bereich der IPE &#252;bertragen werden. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="3. Conclusions for future discussion">
      <MainHeadline>3. Conclusions for future discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Based on our understanding of the roles and responsibilities of IPE teaching staff and taking the literature reviews and analysis into account, we prefer the term &#8220;facilitator&#8221; as the basis for future discussions. We also recommend this designation be used in the German-speaking world so as to align with the international terminology and avoid causing additional confusion through German translations. For these reasons, we suggest the gender-neutral English word also be used in German. Because the term &#8220;facilitator&#8221; is also used in other teaching&#47;learning settings (e.g., PBL), &#8220;IP&#8221; should be placed in front to indicate an interprofessional setting. In conclusion, for IPE teaching staff we propose the terms &#8220;IP facilitator&#8221; and &#8220;facilitateur interprofessionnel&#47;facilitatrice interprofessionnelle&#8221; or &#8220;facilitateur IP&#8221; for the French-speaking regions of Switzerland.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="3. Schlussfolgerungen als zuk&#252;nftige Diskussionsgrundlage">
      <MainHeadline>3. Schlussfolgerungen als zuk&#252;nftige Diskussionsgrundlage</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Aufgrund unseres Verst&#228;ndnisses der Rollen und Aufgaben von IPE Lehrenden und unter Ber&#252;cksichtigung der Literaturrecherchen und -analysen, favorisieren wir die Bezeichnung des &#8222;facilitator&#8220; als Grundlage f&#252;r weitere Diskussionen. Wir empfehlen diese Bezeichnung auch f&#252;r den deutschsprachigen Raum, um die internationale Begrifflichkeit aufzugreifen und nicht zus&#228;tzlich Verwirrung durch sinngem&#228;&#223;e deutsche &#220;bersetzungen zu generieren. Deshalb schlagen wir auch im Deutschen die genderunabh&#228;ngige englische Ausspracheweise vor. Da der Begriff auch in anderen Lehr-&#47;Lernsettings (z.B. PBL) Verwendung findet, sollte das &#8222;IP&#8220; (f&#252;r interprofessionelle Settings) vorangestellt werden. Zusammenfassend schlagen wir f&#252;r IPE Lehrende die Bezeichnung &#8222;IP facilitator&#8220; und f&#252;r franz&#246;sischsprachige Regionen der Schweiz den Begriff &#8222;facilitateur interprofessionnel&#47;facilitatrice interprofessionnelle&#8220; bzw. &#8222;facilitateur IP&#8220; vor.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Note">
      <MainHeadline>Note</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The French translation of this paper is available as attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/>.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Anmerkung">
      <MainHeadline>Anmerkung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Im Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/> findet sich die franz&#246;sischsprachige Version des Artikels.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Competing interests">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Interessenkonflikt">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autor&#42;innen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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